[House Document 112-128]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
112th Congress, 2d Session - - - - - - - - - - - - House Document 112-128
EXECUTIVE ORDER TAKING ADDITIONAL STEPS WITH RESPECT TO THE NATIONAL
EMERGENCY DECLARED WITH RESPECT TO IRAN
__________
MESSAGE
from
THEPRESIDENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
transmitting
NOTIFICATION OF AN EXECUTIVE ORDER THAT TAKES ADDITIONAL STEPS WITH
RESPECT TO THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY DECLARED IN EXECUTIVE ORDER 12957 OF
MARCH 15, 1995
July 31, 2012.--Message and accompanying papers referred to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered to be printed
To the Congress of the United States:
Pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act
(50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), I hereby report that I have
issued an Executive Order (the ``order'') that takes additional
steps with respect to the national emergency declared in
Executive Order 12957 of March 15, 1995.
In Executive Order 12957, the President found that the
actions and policies of the Government of Iran threaten the
national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United
States. To deal with that threat, the President in Executive
Order 12957 declared a national emergency and imposed
prohibitions on certain transactions with respect to the
development of Iranian petroleum resources. To further respond
to that threat, Executive Order 12959 of May 6, 1995, imposed
comprehensive trade and financial sanctions on Iran. Executive
Order 13059 of August 19, 1997, consolidated and clarified the
previous orders. To take additional steps with respect to the
national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957 and to
implement section 105(a) of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions,
Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-195)
(22 U.S.C. 8501 et seq.) (CISADA), I issued Executive Order
13553 on September 28, 2010, to impose sanctions on officials
of the Government of Iran and other persons acting on behalf of
the Government of Iran determined to be responsible for or
complicit in certain serious human rights abuses. To take
further additional steps with respect to the threat posed by
Iran and to provide implementing authority for a number of the
sanctions set forth in the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public
Law 104-172) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note) (ISA), as amended by CISADA,
I issued Executive Order 13574 on May 23, 2011, to authorize
the Secretary of the Treasury to implement certain sanctions
imposed by the Secretary of State pursuant to ISA, as amended
by CISADA. I also issued Executive Order 13590 on November 20,
2011, to take additional steps with respect to this emergency
by authorizing the Secretary of State to impose sanctions on
persons providing certain goods, services, technology, or
support that contribute either to Iran's development of
petroleum resources or to Iran's production of petrochemicals,
and to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to implement
some of those sanctions. On February 5, 2012, in order to take
further additional steps pursuant to this emergency, and to
implement section 1245(c) of the National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Public Law 112-81), I issued
Executive Order 13599 blocking the property of the Government
of Iran, all Iranian financial institutions, and persons
determined to be owned or controlled by, or acting for or on
behalf of, such parties. Most recently, on April 22, 2012, and
May 1, 2012, I issued Executive Orders 13606 and 13608,
respectively. Executive Orders 13606 and 13608 each take
additional steps with respect to various emergencies, including
the emergency declared in Executive Order 12957 concerning
Iran, to address the use of computer and information technology
to commit serious human rights abuses and efforts by foreign
persons to evade sanctions.
The order takes additional steps with respect to the
national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957,
particularly in light of the Government of Iran's use of
revenues from petroleum, petroleum products, and petrochemicals
for illicit purposes; Iran's continued attempts to evade
international sanctions through deceptive practices; and the
unacceptable risk posed to the international financial system
by Iran's activities. Subject to certain exceptions and
conditions, the order authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury
and the Secretary of State, as set forth in the order, to
impose sanctions on persons as described in the order, all as
more fully described below.
Section 1 of the order authorizes the Secretary of the
Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to
impose financial sanctions on foreign financial institutions
determined to have knowingly conducted or facilitated certain
significant financial transactions with the National Iranian
Oil Company (NIOC) or Naftiran Intertrade Company (NICO), or
for the purchase or acquisition of petroleum, petroleum
products, or petrochemical products from Iran.
Section 2 of the order authorizes the Secretary of State,
in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the
Secretary of Commerce, and the United States Trade
Representative, and with the President of the Export-Import
Bank, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, and other agencies and officials as
appropriate, to impose any of a number of sanctions on a person
upon determining that the person:
knowingly engaged in a significant
transaction for the purchase or acquisition of
petroleum, petroleum products, or petrochemical
products from Iran;
is a successor entity to a person determined
to meet the criterion above;
owns or controls a person determined to meet
the criterion above, and had knowledge that the person
engaged in the activities referred to therein; or
is owned or controlled by, or under common
ownership or control with, a person determined to meet
the criterion above, and knowingly participated in the
activities referred to therein.
Sections 3 and 4 of the order provide that, for persons
determined to meet any of the criteria specified in section 2
of the order, the heads of the relevant agencies, in
consultation with the Secretary of State, shall implement the
sanctions imposed by the Secretary of State. The sanctions
provided for in sections 3 and 4 of the order include the
following actions:
the Board of Directors of the Export-Import
Bank shall deny approval of the issuance of any
guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or
participation in an extension of credit in connection
with the export of any goods or services to the
sanctioned person;
agencies shall not issue any specific
license or grant any other specific permission or
authority under any statute that requires the prior
review and approval of the United States Government as
a condition for the export or reexport of goods or
technology to the sanctioned person;
for a sanctioned person that is a financial
institution: the Chairman of the Board of Governors of
the Federal Reserve System and the President of the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York shall take such
actions as they deem appropriate, including denying
designation, or terminating the continuation of any
prior designation of, the sanctioned person as a
primary dealer in United States Government debt
instruments; or agencies shall prevent the sanctioned
person from serving as an agent of the United States
Government or serving as a repository for United States
Government funds;
agencies shall not procure, or enter into a
contract for the procurement of, any goods or services
from the sanctioned person;
the Secretary of the Treasury shall take
actions where necessary to:
prohibit any United States
financial institution from making loans or
providing credits to the sanctioned person
totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month
period unless such person is engaged in
activities to relieve human suffering and the
loans or credits are provided for such
activities;
prohibit any transactions in
foreign exchange that are subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States and in which
the sanctioned person has any interest;
prohibit any transfers of credit
or payments between financial institutions or
by, through, or to any financial institution,
to the extent that such transfers or payments
are subject to the jurisdiction of the United
States and involve any interest of the
sanctioned person;
block all property and interests
in property that are in the United States, that
come within the United States, or that are or
come within the possession or control of any
United States person, including any foreign
branch, of the sanctioned person, and provide
that such property and interests in property
may not be transferred, paid, exported,
withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in; or
restrict or prohibit imports of
goods, technology, or services, directly or
indirectly, into the United States from the
sanctioned person.
Section 5 of the order authorizes the Secretary of the
Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to block
all property and interests in property that are in the United
States, that come within the United States, or that are or come
within the possession or control of any United States person,
including any foreign branch, of any person upon determining
that the person has materially assisted, sponsored, or provided
financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or
services in support of, NIOC, NICO, or the Central Bank of
Iran, or the purchase or acquisition of U.S. bank notes or
precious metals by the Government of Iran.
I have delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury the
authority, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to take
such actions, including the promulgation of rules and
regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President
by IEEPA, as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of
sections 1, 4, and 5 of the order.
The order was effective at 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time
on July 31, 2012. All agencies of the United States Government
are directed to take all appropriate measures within their
authority to carry out the provisions of the order.
I am enclosing a copy of the Executive Order I have issued.
Barack Obama.
The White House, July 30, 2012.
Executive Order
----------
Authorizing Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran
By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States of America,
including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50
U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50
U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), and section 301 of title 3, United States
Code,
I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America,
in order to take additional steps with respect to the national
emergency declared in Executive Order 12957 of March 15, 1995,
as relied upon for additional steps in subsequent Executive
Orders, particularly in light of the Government of Iran's use
of revenues from petroleum, petroleum products, and
petrochemicals for illicit purposes, Iran's continued attempts
to evade international sanctions through deceptive practices,
and the unacceptable risk posed to the international financial
system by Iran's activities, hereby order:
Section 1. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury, in
consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized
to impose on a foreign financial institution the sanctions
described in subsection (b) of this section upon determining
that the foreign financial institution has knowingly conducted
or facilitated any significant financial transaction:
(i) with the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) or
Naftiran Intertrade Company (NICO), except for a sale
or provision to NIOC or NICO of the products described
in section 5(a)(3)(A)(i) of the Iran Sanctions Act of
1996 (Public Law 104-172), as amended, provided that
the fair market value of such products is lower than
the applicable dollar threshold specified in that
provision;
(ii) for the purchase or acquisition of petroleum or
petroleum products from Iran; or
(iii) for the purchase or acquisition of
petrochemical products from Iran.
(b) With respect to any foreign financial institution
determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with
this section to meet the criteria set forth in subsection
(a)(i), (a)(ii), or (a)(iii) of this section, the Secretary of
the Treasury may prohibit the opening, and prohibit or impose
strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States of a
correspondent account or a payable-through account by such
foreign financial institution.
(c) Subsections (a)(i) and (ii) of this section shall apply
with respect to a significant financial transaction conducted
or facilitated by a foreign financial institution only if:
(i) the President determines under subparagraphs
(4)(B) and (C) of subsection 1245(d) of the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Public
Law 112-81) (NDAA) that there is a sufficient supply of
petroleum and petroleum products from countries other
than Iran to permit a significant reduction in the
volume of petroleum and petroleum products purchased
from Iran by or through foreign financial institutions;
and
(ii) an exception under subparagraph 4(D) of
subsection 1245(d) of the NDAA from the imposition of
sanctions under paragraph (1) of that subsection does
not apply with respect to the country with primary
jurisdiction over the foreign financial institution.
(d) Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply with
respect to any person for conducting or facilitating a
transaction for the sale of food, medicine, or medical devices
to Iran or when the underlying transaction has been authorized
by the Secretary of the Treasury.
(e) The prohibitions in subsection (b) of this section
apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in
regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued
pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract
entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the
effective date of this order.
Sec. 2. (a) The Secretary of State, in consultation with
the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, and
the United States Trade Representative, and with the President
of the Export-Import Bank, the Chairman of the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and other agencies and
officials as appropriate, is hereby authorized to impose on a
person any of the sanctions described in section 3 or 4 of this
order upon determining that the person:
(i) knowingly, on or after the effective date of this
order, engaged in a significant transaction for the
purchase or acquisition of petroleum or petroleum
products from Iran;
(ii) knowingly, on or after the effective date of
this order, engaged in a significant transaction for
the purchase or acquisition of petrochemical products
from Iran;
(iii) is a successor entity to a person determined by
the Secretary of State in accordance with this
subsection to meet the criteria in subsection (a)(1) or
(a)(ii) of this section;
(iv) owns or controls a person determined by the
Secretary of State in accordance with this subsection
to meet the criteria in subsection (a) (1) or (a)(ii)
of this section, and had knowledge that the person
engaged in the activities referred to in that
subsection; or
(v) is owned or controlled by, or under common
ownership or control with, a person determined by the
Secretary of State in accordance with this subsection
to meet the criteria in subsection (a)(i) or (a)(ii) of
this section, and knowingly participated in the
activities referred to in that subsection.
(b) Subsection (a)(i) of this section shall apply with
respect to a person only if:
(i) the President determines under subparagraphs
(4)(B) and (C) of subsection 1245(d) of the NDAA that
there is a sufficient supply of petroleum and petroleum
products from countries other than Iran to permit a
significant reduction in the volume of petroleum and
petroleum products purchased from Iran by or through
foreign financial institutions; and
(ii) an exception under subparagraph 4(D) of
subsection 1245(d) of the NDAA from the imposition of
sanctions under paragraph (1) of that subsection does
not apply with respect to the country with primary
jurisdiction over the person.
Sec. 3. When the Secretary of State, in accordance with the
terms of section 2 of this order, has determined that a person
meets any of the criteria described in section 2 and has
selected any of the sanctions set forth below to impose on that
person, the heads of relevant agencies, in consultation with
the Secretary of State, shall take the following actions where
necessary to implement the sanctions imposed by the Secretary
of State:
(a) the Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank shall
deny approval of the issuance of any guarantee, insurance,
extension of credit, or participation in an extension of credit
in connection with the export of any goods or services to the
sanctioned person;
(b) agencies shall not issue any specific license or grant
any other specific permission or authority under any statute
that requires the prior review and approval of the United
States Government as a condition for the export or reexport of
goods or technology to the sanctioned person;
(c) with respect to a sanctioned person that is a financial
institution:
(i) the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System and the President of the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York shall take such actions as
they deem appropriate, including denying designation,
or terminating the continuation of any prior
designation of, the sanctioned person as a primary
dealer in United States Government debt instruments; or
(ii) agencies shall prevent the sanctioned person
from serving as an agent of the United States
Government or serving as a repository for United States
Government funds; or
(d) agencies shall not procure, or enter into a contract
for the procurement of, any goods or services from the
sanctioned person.
(e) The prohibitions in subsections (a)-(d) of this section
apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in
regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued
pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract
entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the
effective date of this order.
Sec. 4. (a) When the Secretary of State, in accordance with
the terms of section 2 of this order, has determined that a
person meets any of the criteria described in section 2 and has
selected any of the sanctions set forth below to impose on that
person, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the
Secretary of State, shall take the following actions where
necessary to implement the sanctions imposed by the Secretary
of State:
(i) prohibit any United States financial institution
from making loans or providing credits to the
sanctioned person totaling more than $10,000,000 in any
12-month period, unless such person is engaged in
activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or
credits are provided for such activities;
(ii) prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange
that are subject to the jurisdiction of the United
States and in which the sanctioned person has any
interest;
(iii) prohibit any transfers of credit or payments
between financial institutions or by, through, or to
any financial institution, to the extent that such
transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction
of the United States and involve any interest of the
sanctioned person;
(iv) block all property and interests in property
that are in the United States, that come within the
United States, or that are or come within the
possession or control of any United States person,
including any foreign branch, of the sanctioned person,
and provide that such property and interests in
property may not be transferred, paid, exported,
withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in; or
(v) restrict or prohibit imports of goods,
technology, or services, directly or indirectly, into
the United States from the sanctioned person.
(b) The prohibitions in subsections (a)(i)-(a)(v) of this
section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in
regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued
pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract
entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the
effective date of this order.
Sec. 5. (a) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation
with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to impose on
a person the measures described in subsection (b) of this
section upon determining that the person has materially
assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or
technological support for, or goods or services in support of,
NIOC, NICO, or the Central Bank of Iran, or the purchase or
acquisition of U.S. bank notes or precious metals by the
Government of Iran.
(b) With respect to any person determined by the Secretary
of the Treasury in accordance with subsection (a) to meet the
criteria set forth in subsection (a) of this section, all
property and interests in property that are in the United
States, that hereafter come within the United States, or that
are or hereafter come within the possession or control of any
United States person, including any foreign branch, of such
person are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported,
withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in.
(c) The prohibitions in subsection (b) of this section
apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in
regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued
pursuant to this order, and notwithstanding any contract
entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the
effective date of this order.
Sec. 6. Subsection 1(a), section 2, and subsection 5(a) of
this order shall not apply with respect to any person for
conducting or facilitating a transaction involving a natural
gas development and pipeline project initiated prior to the
effective date of this order to bring gas from Azerbaijan to
Europe and Turkey in furtherance of a production sharing
agreement or license awarded by a sovereign government other
than the Government of Iran before the effective date of this
order.
Sec. 7. I hereby determine that, to the extent section
203(b)(2) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2)) may apply, the making
of donations of the type of articles specified in such section
by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and
interests in property are blocked pursuant to subsection
(a)(iv) of section 4 or subsection (b) of section 5 of this
order would seriously impair my ability to deal with the
national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957, and I
hereby prohibit such donations as provided by subsection
(a)(iv) of section 4 and subsection (b) of section 5 of this
order.
Sec. 8. The prohibitions in subsection (a)(iv) of section 4
and subsection (b) of section 5 of this order include, but are
not limited to:
(i) the making of any contribution or provision of
funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of
any person whose property and interests in property are
blocked pursuant to this order; and
(ii) the receipt of any contribution or provision of
funds, goods, or services from any such person.
Sec. 9. (a) Any transaction that evades or avoids, has the
purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or
attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this
order is prohibited.
(b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the
prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.
Sec. 10. For the purposes of this order:
(a) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity;
(b) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association,
trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other
organization;
(c) the term ``United States person'' means any United
States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized
under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within
the United States (including foreign branches), or any person
in the United States;
(d) the term ``financial institution,'' as used in sections
3 and 4 of this order, includes (i) a depository institution
(as defined in section 3(c)(1) of the Federal Deposit Insurance
Act) (12 U.S.C. 1813(c)(1)), including a branch or agency of a
foreign bank (as defined in section 1(b)(7) of the
International Banking Act of 1978) (12 U.S.C. 3101(7)); (ii) a
credit union; (iii) a securities firm, including a broker or
dealer; (iv) an insurance company, including an agency or
underwriter; and (v) any other company that provides financial
services;
(e) the term ``foreign financial institution,'' as used in
section 1 of this order, means any foreign entity that is
engaged in the business of accepting deposits, making,
granting, transferring, holding, or brokering loans or credits,
or purchasing or selling foreign exchange, securities,
commodity futures or options, or procuring purchasers and
sellers thereof, as principal or agent. It includes, but is not
limited to, depository institutions, banks, savings banks,
money service businesses, trust companies, securities brokers
and dealers, commodity futures and options brokers and dealers,
forward contract and foreign exchange merchants, securities and
commodities exchanges, clearing corporations, investment
companies, employee benefit plans, and holding companies,
affiliates, or subsidiaries of any of the foregoing. The term
does not include the international financial institutions
identified in 22 U.S.C. 262r(c)(2), the International Fund for
Agricultural Development, the North American Development Bank,
or any other international financial institution so notified by
the Secretary of the Treasury;
(f) the term ``United States financial institution'' means
a financial institution as defined in subsection (d) of this
section (including its foreign branches) organized under the
laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United
States or located in the United States;
(g) the term ``Iran'' means the Government of Iran and the
territory of Iran and any other territory or marine area,
including the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf,
over which the Government of Iran claims sovereignty, sovereign
rights, or jurisdiction, provided that the Government of Iran
exercises partial or total de facto control over the area or
derives a benefit from economic activity in the area pursuant
to international arrangements;
(h) the term ``Government of Iran'' includes the Government
of Iran, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
thereof, including the Central Bank of Iran, and any person
owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, the
Government of Iran;
(i) the terms ``knowledge'' and ``knowingly,'' with respect
to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, mean that a person has
actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the
circumstance, or the result;
(j) the term ``sanctioned person'' means a person on whom
the Secretary of State, in accordance with the terms of section
2 of this order, has determined to impose sanctions pursuant to
section 2;
(k) the term ``petroleum'' (also known as crude oil) means
a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in
natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at
atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating
facilities;
(l) the term ``petroleum products'' includes unfinished
oils, liquefied petroleum gases, pentanes plus, aviation
gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet fuel, kerosene-type
jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil,
petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes,
petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous
products obtained from the processing of: crude oil (including
lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon
compounds. The term does not include natural gas, liquefied
natural gas, biofuels, methanol, and other non-petroleum fuels;
(m) the term ``petrochemical products'' includes any
aromatic, olefin, and synthesis gas, and any of their
derivatives, including ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene,
toluene, xylene, ammonia, methanol, and urea;
(n) the terms ``National Iranian Oil Company'' and ``NIOC''
mean the National Iranian Oil Company and any entity owned or
controlled by, or operating for or on behalf of, the National
Iranian Oil Company; and
(o) the terms ``Naftiran Intertrade Company'' and ``NICO''
mean the Naftiran Intertrade Company and any entity owned or
controlled by, or operating for or on behalf of, the Naftiran
Intertrade Company.
Sec. 11. For those persons whose property and interests in
property are blocked pursuant to this order who might have a
constitutional presence in the United States, I find that
because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets
instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures to be
taken pursuant to subsection (a)(iv) of section 4 or subsection
(b) of section 5 of this order would render those measures
ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to
be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in
Executive Order 12957, there need be no prior notice of an
action taken pursuant to subsection (a)(iv) of section 4 or
subsection (b) of section 5 of this order.
Sec. 12. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation
with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such
actions, including the promulgation of rules and regulations,
and to employ all powers granted to the President by IEEPA as
may be necessary to carry out the purposes of sections 1, 4,
and 5 of this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may
redelegate any of these functions to other officers and
agencies of the United States Government consistent with
applicable law. All agencies of the United States Government
are hereby directed to take all appropriate measures within
their authority to carry out the provisions of this order.
Sec. 13. This order is not intended to, and does not,
create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural,
enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United
States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers,
employees, or agents, or any other person.
Sec. 14. The measures taken pursuant to this order are in
response to actions of the Government of Iran occurring after
the conclusion of the 1981 Algiers Accords, and are intended
solely as a response to those later actions.
Sec. 15. This order is effective at 12:01 a.m. eastern
daylight time on July 31, 2012.
Barack Obama.
The White House, July 30, 2012.