Batteries, Supercapacitors, and Fuel Cells

This guide lists informative sources on three types of electrochemical energy storage systems: batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. A battery is a multicelled direct-current voltage source that converts chemical, thermal, nuclear, or solar energy into electrical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which the reaction between a fuel, such as hydrogen or methanol, and an oxidant, such as oxygen or air, converts the chemical energy of the fuel directly into electrical energy without combustion. In contrast to a battery, a fuel cell can be thought of as a chemical battery whose reactants are fed from external sources rather than from part of the battery. Fuel cells consume reactants that must be replenished, while batteries store electrical energy chemically in a closed system. Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical double-layer capacitors, are electrochemical storage devices that offer both high power and high energy and work like large versions of common electrical capacitors.

Related titles in the Science Tracer Bullet series are TB 92-3, Electric Vehicles and TB 06-8, Alternative Fuel Vehicles and Combustion Processes. Not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography, this compilation is designed--as the name of the series implies--to put the reader on target.

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Appleby, Anthony J. Fuel cell. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology. 9th ed. v. 7. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2002. p. 549-552.
   Q121.M3 2002 <SciRR>

Sadoway, Donald R. Battery. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology.9th ed. v. 2. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2002. p. 633-647.
   Q121.M3 2002 <SciRR>

Supercapacitors. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
   URL: http://www.nrel.gov/learning/eds_supercapacitors.html

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Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which materials on batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells can be located in Library catalogs, include the following:

Highly Relevant

CAPACITORS
ELECTRIC BATTERIES
FUEL CELLS
STORAGE BATTERIES

Relevant

CONCENTRATION CELLS
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION FROM CHEMICAL ACTION
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
LITHIUM CELLS
MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS
NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES
NICKEL-HYDROGEN BATTERIES
NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES
NUCLEAR BATTERIES
SELENIUM CELLS
SODIUM SULPHUR BATTERIES
SOLAR BATTERIES
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
SOLID STATE BATTERIES
STANDARD CELLS
THERMAL BATTERIES
ZINC-SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES

   See also subdivison BATTERIES under individual land vehicles, e.g., AUTOMOBILES--BATTERIES, or under other headings, e.g., CLOCKS AND WATCHES--BATTERIES

Related

BATTERY CHARGERS
BATTERY INDUSTRY
ELECTRIC BATTERIES--RECYCLING
FUEL CELL INDUSTRY
PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES (U.S.)
STORAGE BATTERIES--RECYCLING
THERMOPILES
WASTE HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES

More general

DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
ELECTRIC CAPACITY
ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES TO APPARATUS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
ENERGY STORAGE

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Dell, Ronald, and David A. J. Rand. Understanding batteries. Cambridge, Royal Society of Chemistry,
c2001. 223 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.D45 2001 <SciRR>

Crompton, T. R. Battery reference book. 3rd ed. Oxford, Eng., Boston, Newnes, 2000. 1 v.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.C75 2000 <SciRR>

Li, Xianguo. Principles of fuel cells. New York, Taylor & Francis, 2006. 572 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.L5 2006

Recent advances in supercapacitors, 2006. Vinay Gupta, ed. Kerala, India, Transworld Research Network, 2006. 152 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TL7872.C65R43 2006 <SciRR>

Srinivasan, S. Fuel cells: from fundamentals to applications. New York, Springer, 2006. 691 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.S75 2006

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Barclay, Frederick J. Fuel cells, engines, and hydrogen: an energy approach. Chichester, Eng., Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, c2006. 188 p.
   Bibliography: p. 177-184.
   TK2931.B38 2006

Bergveld, Henk Jan, Wanda S. Kruijt, and Peter H. L. Notten. Battery management systems: design by modeling. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic, 2002. 295 p. (Philips Research, v. 1)    Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2943.B38 2002

Busby, Rebecca L. Hydrogen and fuel cells: a comprehensive guide. Tulsa, OK, PennWell Corp., c2005. 445 p.
   Bibliography: p. 415-426
   TP359.H8B87 2005 <SciRR>

Conway, B. E. Electrochemical supercapacitors: scientific fundamentals and technological applications. New York, Plenum Press, c1999. 698 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2941.C66 1999 <SciRR>

Electrochemical studies of batteries. Magdalena Nuñez, editor. New York, Nova Science Publishers, c2005. 210 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.E4335 2005

Energy storage systems for electronics. Edited by Tetsuya Osaka and Madhav Datta. Amsterdam, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, c2000. 579 p. (New trends in electrochemical technology, v. 1)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2941.E53 2000

Fuel cell fundamentals. Ryan O’Hayre and others. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, c2006. 409 p.
   Bibliography: p. 389-393.
   TK2931.F78 2006 <SciRR>

Kordesch, K., and Günter Simader. Fuel cells and their applications. Weinheim, New York, VCH, c1996. 375 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.K664 1996

Larminie, James, and Andrew Dicks. Fuel cell systems explained. 2nd ed. Chichester, Eng., J. Wiley, c2003.
406 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.L37 2003 <SciRR>

Perez, Richard A. The complete battery book. Blue Ridge Summit, PA, Tab Books, c1985. 185 p.
   TK2896.P47 1985

Sørensen, Bent. Hydrogen and fuel cells: emerging technologies and applications. Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2005. 450 p.
   Bibliography: p. 405-440.
   TP359.H8S68 2005 <SciRR>

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Dhameja, Sandeep. Electric vehicle battery systems. Boston, Newnes, c2001. 230 p.
   Bibliography: p. 215-219.
   TL220.D49 2001 <SciRR>

The Economic dynamics of fuel cell technologies. Editors, Armand Avadikyan, Patrick Cohendet, Jean-Alain Héraud; with contributions by Fernand Amesse and others. Berlin, New York, Springer, 2003. 237 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.E26 2003

Fuel cell technology: reaching towards commercialization. Nigel Sammes, ed. London, Springer, c2006. 298 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.F787 2006

Lithium batteries: science and technology. Edited by Gholam-Abbas Nazri, Gianfranco Pistoia. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2004. 708 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2945.L59 2004

Solid state ionics for batteries. T. Minami, editor in chief; M. Tatsumisago and others, editors. Tokyo, New York, Springer, c2005. 276 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2942.S67 2005

Used battery collection and recycling. Edited by G. Pistoia, J.-P. Wiaux, S. P. Wolsky. New York, Elsevier Science, 2001. 372 p. (Industrial chemistry library, v. 10)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2921.U73 2001 <SciRR>

Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. Editors, D. A. J. Rand and others. Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier, 2004. 575 p.
   Includes bibliographical references
   TK2941.V35 2004

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Appleby, A. J., and F. R. Foulkes. Fuel cell handbook. 1st ed. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1989. 762 p.
   Bibliography: p. 633-748.
   7th ed. available from the National Technical Information Service as report number DE2004834188.
   TK2931.A67 1989 <SciRR>

Battery technology handbook. Edited by H. A. Kiehne. 2nd ed. New York, Marcel Dekker, c2003.
515 p. (Electrical engineering and electronics, 60)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.B393 2003

Encyclopedia of energy. Editor in chief, Cutler J. Cleveland; Associate editors, Robert U. Ayres and others. Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2004. 6 v.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   See particularly: “Batteries, overview,” “Batteries, transportation applications,” “Fuel cells,” and “Fuel cell vehicles.”
   TJ163.28.E53 2004 <SciRR>

Fuel cell technology handbook. Edited by Gregor Hoogers. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c2003. 1 v.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.F785 2003 <SciRR>

Handbook of batteries. David Linden, editor, Thomas B. Reddy, editor. 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002. 1 v.    Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.H36 2001 <SciRR>

Handbook of battery materials. Jürgen O. Besenhard, ed. Weinheim, New York, Wiley-VCH, c1999. 618 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.H364 1999

Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals, technology, and applications. Editors, Wolf Vielstich, Arnold Lamm, Hubert A. Gasteiger. Chichester, Eng., Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, c2003. 4 v.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2931.H34 2003 <SciRR>

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Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. The Seventeenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the conference held at California State University, Long Beach, California, 15-18 January 2002. Compiled by Radhe S. L. Das and Harvey Frank. Piscataway, NJ, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., c2002. 313 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.S937a No. 17, 2002

Intercalation compounds for battery materials: proceedings of the international symposium. Editors: G.-A. Nazri, M. Thackeray, T. Ohzuku. Pennington, NJ, Electrochemical Society, c2000. 442 p.
   Includes bibliographical references.
   Papers presented at joint Electrochemical Society and Japan Electrochemical Society meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, Oct. 17-22.
   TK2941.I577 2000

Lithium batteries: proceedings of the international symposium. Editors, S. Surampudi and others. Pennington, NJ, Electrochemical Society, c2000. 824 p. (PV 99-25)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   Papers presented at the Lithium Battery symposium of the 196th Electrochemical Society Fall Meeting, October 17-22, 1999, held in Honolulu, Hawaii.
   TK2921.L55 2000

Materials for energy storage, generation and transport: symposium held April 2-4, 2002, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Editors, Ricardo B. Schwarz, Gerbrand Ceder, Steven A. Ringel. Warrendale, PA, Materials Research Society, c2002. 232 p. (Materials Research Society symposia proceedings, v. 730)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2901.M38 2002

NATO Advanced Study Institute on New Trends in Intercalation Compounds for Energy Storage (2001, Sozopol, Bulgaria). New trends in intercalation compounds for energy storage. Edited by C. Julien, J. P. Pereira-Ramos, and A. Momchilov. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2002. 654 p. (NATO science series. Series II, Mathematics, physics, and chemistry, v. 61)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   “Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on New Trends in Intercalation Compounds for Energy Storage, Sozopol, Bulgaria, 22 September-2 Oct. 2001.”
   TJ165.N49 2002

NATO Carbon Advanced Research Workshop and Conference (2003, Argonne, Illinois). New carbon based materials for electrochemical energy storage systems: batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells. Edited by Igor V. Barsukov and others. Dordrecht, Springer, 2006. 523 p. (NATO science series. Series II, Mathematics, physics, and chemistry, v. 229)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TA455.C43N375 2003

New materials for batteries and fuel cells: symposium held April 5-8, 1999, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Editors, Daniel H. Doughty and others. Warrendale, PA, Materials Research Society, c2000. 439 p. (Materials Research Society symposia proceedings, v. 575)
   Includes bibliographical references.
   TK2941.N48 2000

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Technical Reports and other types of literature may be identified in the following abstracting and indexing journals:

Government Reports Announcements & Index (1946-)
   Z7916.G78 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic format
   URL: http://www.ntis.gov

Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications (1895-)
   Z1223.A18 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic format
   URL: http://catalog.gpo.gov (1976-)

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Reports listed below are available in the technical reports collection of the Science, Technology & Business Division, with more information at http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/trs/trsover.html. Some reports on the topic may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5825 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS telephone: (703) 605-6585. NTIS web site URL: http://www.ntis.gov.

Battery Council International. BCI 2002. Chicago, IL, 2002, 1 CD-ROM.
   <SciRR>
   CD-ROM collection maintained by the Technical Reports and Standards Unit.

Mitchell, William L., and Antonino Toro. Advanced fuel cell development for automotive operation. In Applications of fuel cells in vehicles 2006. Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers, c2006. p. 7-11.
   SAE/SP-2006
   “This SAE Special Publication presents papers from the session Applications of Fuel Cells in Vehicles held during the SAE 2006 World Congress, held April 3-6, 2006 in Detroit, Michigan, USA.”

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Research and Technology Organization. Fuel cells for land, sea and air vehicles. Report of the Applied Vehicle Technology Panel, Fuel Cells Working Group AVT-103. Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex, France, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Research and Technology Organization, May 2004. 1 CD-ROM.
   <SciRR>
   CD-ROM collection maintained by the Technical Reports and Standards Unit.

Stienecker, Adam W., Mark A. Flute, and Thomas A. Stuart. Improved battery charging in an ultracapacitor: lead acid battery hybrid energy storage system for mild hybrid electric vehicles. In Advanced hybrid vehicle powertrains 2006. Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers, c2006. p. 153-158.
   SAE/SP-2008
   “This SAE Special Publication presents papers from the session Advanced Hybrid Vehicle Powertrains held during the SAE 2006 World Congress, held April 3-6, 2006 in Detroit, Michigan, USA.”

World energy analysis. Lexington, MA, WinterGreen Research, Inc., 2006, 1 CD-ROM.
   <SciRR>
   CD-ROM collection maintained by the Technical Reports and Standards Unit.
   Describes how renewable energy systems provide economies of scale and power automobiles from energy generated from wind and solar panels and stored in thin film batteries.

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Dissertations may be identified by using online resources or the following indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be available in full text through electronic resources on public terminals at the Library of Congress.

Comprehensive Dissertation Index (1861-1972)
   Z5053.X47 1973

Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement (1973- annual)
   Z5053.X47a

Dissertation Abstracts International (1938- monthly)
   Z5053.D57 and Electronic format

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Bervas, Mathieu. Engineered nanocomposites as high-energy density positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.
   UMI publication number AAT 3176149
   Collation of the original: 278 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, 2005.

Choi, Jeh Won. Crystal chemistry, chemical stability, and electrochemical properties of layered oxide cathodes of lithium ion batteries. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2006.
   UMI publication number AAT 3221805
   Collation of the original: 190 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006.

Cook, Kimberly, A. Design of hybrid battery power supplies for microelectronics.
   UMI publication number AAT 3163780
   Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005. Collation of the original: 110 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--University of Michigan, 2005.

Joachim, Humberto. Developing novel electrode materials in energy storage devices for hybrid electric vehicles. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.
   UMI publication number AAT 3185899
   Collation of the original: 181 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--Illinois Institute of Technology, 2005.

Lytle, Justin Conrad. Design, fabrication, and testing of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous materials for pseudomorphic transformation and power storage. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.
   UMI publication number AAT 3188590
   Collation of the original: 360 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--University of Minnesota, 2005.

Stienecker, Adam. An ultracapacitor-battery energy storage system for hybrid electric vehicles. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.
   UMI publication number AAT 3197544
   Collation of the original: 74 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--The University of Toledo, 2005.

Tang, Ping. Computational research on lithium ion battery materials. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2006.
   UMI publication number AAT 3321890
   Collation of the original: 96 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--Wake Forest University, 2006.

Xu, Mingming. Electrochemical kinetics studies of copper anode materials in lithium ion battery electrolyte. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.
   UMI publication number AAT 3205623
   Collation of the original: 108 p.
   Thesis (doctoral)--Ohio University, 2005.

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Abstracting and Indexing Services that index relevant journal articles and other literature are listed below. Some suggested terms for searching are “Batteries,” “Fuel cells,” “Electrochemical capacitors,” “Supercapacitors,” or other headings, depending upon the topic of interest. Many of the titles may now be available in electronic format. Consult a reference librarian for the location and format of abstracting and indexing services.

Applied Science & Technology Index (1913-)
   Z7913.I7 <SciRR> and Electronic format

Current Technology Index (1962-)
   Z7913.B7 <SciRR>

Engineering Index (1884-)
   Z5851.E62 <SciRR> and Electronic format

Fuel and Energy Abstracts (1960-)
   TP315.G8522

General Science Index (1978-)
   Z7401.G46 <SciRR> and Electronic format

Index to Current Urban Documents (1972-)
   Z7165.U5I654 <N&CPRR>

PAIS International in Print (1915-)
   Z7164.E2P34 <MRR> <N&CPRR>

Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature (1900-)
   AI3.R48 <BusRR> and Electronic format

Society of Automotive Engineers. Technical Papers
   Cumulative Index of SAE Technical Papers (1906-1993)
   TL1.C83 <SciRR>
   Annual Index/Abstracts of SAE Technical Papers (1993-)
   TL1.S473 <SciRR>

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Journals that often contain articles relevant to batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells:

Electrochemical and solid-state letters	TK7869.E43
Electrochemical Society interface	TP250.E595
Electrochemistry communications	QD551.E4917
Electrochimica acta	TP250.E63
Fuel cell industry report	Current Issues Only < N&CPRR >
Fuel cells bulletin	TK2931.F793
Home power	TJ807.H66
Hybrid & electric vehicle progress	Current Issues Only < N&CPRR >
Journal of applied electrochemistry	TP250.J68
Journal of power sources	TJ163.2.J69
Journal of the Electrochemical Society	TP250.E542

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Cheng, Liang, and others. Nanosized Li4Ti5O12 prepared by molten salt method as an electrode material for hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, v. 153, no. 8, 2006: A1472-A1477.
   TP250.E542

Griffiths, James. Connaught’s hybrid relies on supercapacitor power. Automotive engineer, v. 31, July/Aug. 2006: 42.
   TL1.A596

Gujar, T. P., and others. Electrosynthesis of Bi2O3 thin films and their use in electrochemical supercapacitors. Journal of power sources, v. 161, Oct. 27, 2006: 1479-1485.
   TJ163.2.J69

Kalpana, D., and others. A novel high power symmetric ZnO/carbon aerogel composite electrode for electrochemical supercapacitor. Electrochimica acta, v. 52, Nov.12, 2006: 1309-1315.
   TP250.E63

Kazaryan, S. A., and others. Mathematical model of heterogeneous electrochemical capacitors and calculation of their parameters. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, v. 153, no. 9, 2006: A1655-A1671.
   TP250.E542

Kim, Jimyoung, and Jaephil Cho. SnO2 filled mesoporous tin phosphate high capacity negative electrode for lithium secondary battery. Electrochemical and solid-state letters, v. 9, no. 8, 2006: A373-A375.
   TK7869.E43

Lemofouet, Sylvain, and Alfred Rufer. A hybrid energy storage system based on compressed air and supercapacitors with maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT). IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, v. 53, Aug. 2006: 1105-1115.
   TK7800.I22

Li, Yangxing, and others. Crosslinkable fumed silica-based nanocomposite electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Journal of power sources, v. 161, Oct. 27, 2006: 1288-1296.
   TJ163.2.J69

Liu, H., and others. Doping effects of zinc on LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochemistry communications, v. 8, Oct. 2006: 1553-1557.
   QD551.E4917

Mangold, Michael, Mykhaylo Krasnyk, and Kai Sundmacher. Theoretical investigation of steady state multiplicities in solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of applied electrochemistry, v. 36, Mar. 2006: 265-275.
   TP250.J68

Ramschak, Erich, and others. Online stack monitoring tool for dynamically and stationary operated fuel cell systems. Fuel cells bulletin, v. 2006, Oct. 2006: 12-15.
   TK2931.F793

Shi, D. Q., and others. Preparation and electrochemical properties of mesoporous Si/ZrO2 nanocomposite film as anode material for lithium ion battery. Electrochemistry communications, v. 8, Oct. 2006: 1610-1614.    QD551.E4917

Sholklapper, Tal Z., and others. LSM-infiltrated solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. Electrochemical and solid-state letters, v. 9, no. 8, 2006: A376-A378.
   TK7869.E43

Thomassen, Magnus, and others. Evaluation of concepts for hydrogen-chlorine fuel cells. Journal of applied electrochemistry, v. 36, July 2006: 813-819.    TP250.J68

Uzunoglu, M., and M. S. Alam. Dynamic modeling, design, and simulation of a combined PEM fuel cell and ultracapacitor system for stand-alone residential applications. IEEE transactions on energy conversion, v. 21, Sept. 2006: 767-775.
   TK1001.I25

Yamada, Masanori, and Itaru Honma. Biomembranes for fuel cell electrolytes employing anhydrous proton-conducting uracil composites. Fuel cells bulletin, v. 2006, May 2006: 11-15.
   TK2931.F793

Yoshida, Toshihiro, and others. Influence of electrode active materials on safety performance of large and high-power Li-ion batteries for hybrid electric vehicles. Electrochemical and solid-state letters, v. 9, no. 10, 2006: A458-A462.
   TK7869.E43

Xue, Ming-Zhe, and Zheng-Wen Fu. Lithium electrochemistry of NiSe2: a new kind of storage energy material. Electrochemistry communications, v. 8, Oct. 2006: 1855-1862.
   QD551.E4917

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Selected Materials available in the Science Reading Room pamphlet boxes include the following:

Abraham, Ann, Attila Palencsár, and Daniel Scherson. Electrochemistry for K-12: the potato clock and beyond. Electrochemical Society interface, v. 15, fall 2006: 43-46.

Adler, Stuart B. Education initiatives of the Electrochemical Society. The Electrochemical Society interface, v. 15, fall 2006: 20-27.

Blankinship, Steve. It looks like a battery, but it’s an ultracapacitor. Power engineering, v. 108, May 2004: 64-65.

Cunningham, A. New electrodes could make better batteries. Science news, v. 169, Apr. 8, 2006: 212.

Dankoff, Windy. Top ten battery blunders and how to avoid them. Home power, issue 114, Aug./Sept. 2006: 54-60.

Dodds, D. How do batteries store and discharge electricity? Scientific American, v. 295, Sept. 2006: 126.

Jost, Kevin. Ultracapacitors charge ahead. Automotive engineering international, v. 112, Sept. 2004: 46-53.

Maher, Bobby, Jonathan Dogterom, and Toni Fisher. Fuel cells and ultracapacitors: a proven value proposition versus incumbent technologies. EDN, Oct. 2006, supplement: 12, 14.
Special supplement to EDN (Electrical Design News).

Ogden, Joan. High hopes for hydrogen. Scientific American, v. 295, Sept. 2006: 94-101.

Perkins, S. New materials may boost fuel cell performance. Science news, v. 171, Jan. 13, 2007: 21-22.

Service, Robert F. New ‘supercapacitor’ promises to pack more electrical punch. Science, v. 313, Aug. 18, 2006: 902.

Stuve, Eric M. Bringing fuel cells to the classroom: the University of Washington’s fuel cell curriculum. Electrochemical Society interface, v. 15, no. 3, fall 2006: 31-36.

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Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA)
1101 Vermont Ave. NW, Ste. 401
Washington, DC 20005Telephone: (202) 408-0774
Fax: (202) 408-7610
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.electricdrive.org
   Represents corporations and government agencies developing electric- and hybrid-powered vehicles. Includes areas of interest, such as commercial development of batteries, fuel cells, propulsion systems, infrastructure, and complete vehicles. Encourages the introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles into the transportation sector. Functions as an information clearinghouse.

Electrochemical Society (ECS)
65 S Main St., Bldg. D
Pennington, NJ 08534-2839
Telephone: (609) 737-1902
Fax: (609) 737-2743
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.electrochem.org
   Serves as technical society of electrochemists, chemists, chemical and electrochemical engineers, metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, physical chemists, physicists, electrical engineers, research engineers, teachers, technical sales representatives, and patent attorneys. Seeks to advance the science and technology of electrochemistry, electronics, electrothermics, electrometallurgy, and applied subjects.

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Center (EERE)
Department of Energy
Mail Stop EE-1
Washington, DC 20585
Telephone: (202) 586-9220
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.eere.energy.gov
   Provides information and technical assistance on energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies; operated by NCI Information Systems, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, under contract to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

European Portable Battery Association (EPBA)
Ave. Marcel Thiry 204
B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Telephone: 32 2 7749602
Fax: 32 2 7749690
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.epbaeurope.net
   Manufacturers of batteries. Promotes growth and development of the European battery industry. Represents members' collective interests before labor and industrial organizations, government and international trade agencies, and the public.

International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE)
c/o Roscoe S. Wolfville, Sec. Gen.
Ave. Vinet 19
CH-1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
Fax: 41 21 6483975
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.ise-online.org
   Individuals, organizations, universities, and industries using electrochemistry, united to contribute to and promote research and applications in the field. Seeks to advance electrochemical science and technology. Disseminates scientific and technological knowledge. Promotes international cooperation in electrochemistry. Aims to maintain a high professional standard among its members.
   Publications: Electrochimica Acta (in English), monthly.

Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA)
1776 K Street, NW, 4th Floor
Washington, DC 20006
Telephone: (202) 719-4978
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.prba.org
   Promotes the portable rechargeable battery industry on legislative, regulatory, and standards issues at state, federal, and international levels; facilitates collection for recycling of SSLA batteries; addresses issues on other rechargeable battery recycling; aims to develop criteria for international environmental labeling of rechargeable battery products both nationally and internationally; disseminates information on regulatory and legislative developments to members; seeks ways to improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness for the industry.
   Publications: PRBA Battery Reclamation Manual.

U.S. Fuel Cell Council (USFCC)
1100 H Street, NW, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20005
Telephone: (202) 293-5500
Fax: (202) 785-4313
E-Mail: [email protected]
URL: http://www.usfcc.com
   The U. S. Fuel Cell Council is an industry association dedicated to fostering the commercialization of fuel cells in the United States. Its members include the world's leading fuel cell developers, manufacturers, suppliers and customers. It promotes public understanding of fuel cells and their environmental benefits.
   Publications: Fuel Cell Catalyst (quarterly newsletter). Fuel Cell Connection (monthly newsletter).

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The Internet offers a number of sites useful for finding information on batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Several of the organizations listed above provide links to related sites from their web sites. You might try the sites described below, or use your favorite search engine (such as Google or Yahoo) and appropriate key words to identify more specific resources.

Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium
URL: http://www.alabc.org

Association of Battery Recyclers
URL: http://www.batteryrecyclers.com

Battery and Electrical Specialists Association
URL: http://www.besabattery.com

Battery Association of Japan
URL: http://www.baj.or.jp/e/index.html

Battery Council International
URL: http://www.batterycouncil.org

BatteryTek Link Page
URL: http://www.basytec.de/links_e.html

Boat Batteries and Generator Sets
URL: http://www.boatowners.com/electrical.htm

British Battery Manufacturers Association
URL: http://www.bbma.co.uk

China Industrial Association of Power Sources
URL: http://www.cbo.com.cn

Electric Vehicle Battery Information
URL: http://www.madkatz.com/ev/battery.html

Electricity Storage Association
URL: http://www.energystorage.org

Electrochemical Society
URL: http://www.electrochem.org

EuroBat (Association of European Accumulator Manufacturers), (Belgium)
URL: http://www.eurobat.org

Fuel Cells database
URL: http://www.fuelcells.org

Independent Battery Manufacturers Association
URL: http://www.thebatteryman.com

International Battery Materials Association
URL: http://www.ite-iba.com

International Electrotechnical Commission (Switzerland)
URL: http://www.iec.ch

International Society of Electrochemistry (Switzerland)
URL: http://www.ise-online.org

Lead Development Association
URL: http://www.ldaint.org

National Renewal Energy Laboratory
URL: http://www.nrel.gov

Recharge (Belgium)
URL: http://www.rechargebatteries.org

Society of Automotive Engineers
URL: http://www.sae.org

Smart Battery System Forum
URL: http://www.sbs-forum.org

United States Advanced Battery Consortium
URL: http://www.uscar.org

United States Council for Automotive Research
URL: http://www.uscar.org

Zentralverband der Elektrotechnik und Elektronikindustrie e.V. (Germany)
URL: http://www.zvei.org/index.php?id=157

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