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| Current Bibliographies in Medicine | |
Current Bibliographies in Medicine 95-8
Critical Pathways
CBM 95-8 Critical Pathways January 1988 through December 1995 753 Citations Prepared by Ronald L. Gordner, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine Patricia Moritz, Ph.D., F.A.A.N., National Institute of Nursing Research U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1995 National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication Gordner, Ronald L. Critical pathways : January 1988 through December 1995 : 753 citations / prepared by Ronald L. Gordner, Patricia Moritz. -- Bethesda, Md. (8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda 20894) : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ; Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1995. -- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 95-8) 1. Critical Pathways - bibliography 2. Managed Care Programs - bibliography I. Moritz, Patricia. II. National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Reference Section III. Title IV. Series 02NLM: ZW 1 N272 no.95-8 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE , AVLINE , BIOETHICSLINE , CANCERLIT , CATLINE , HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE . The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 Fax: 301-402-1384 Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1995 (approximately 10 bibliographies), send $47.00 ($58.75 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM95. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($4.75, $5.94 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Internet Access: The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login as anonymous. The index file in the "bibs" directory provides information on the bibliographies available. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1996. CRITICAL PATHWAYS With the ongoing changes in the health care system, strategies have been developed to facilitate the management and delivery of quality clinical care in a time of constrained resources. Critical pathways have emerged as one such strategy--one that is becoming increasingly important as more patient-focused care is emphasized and as managed care grows. Having initially been developed for use in hospitals, they are now being used in other clinical areas, such as home care. The term critical pathway was chosen for use in this bibliography because it is currently the term more frequently used for clinical pathways, care or clinical maps, clinical trajectories, and integrated plans of care. Critical pathways are plans for the provision of clinical services that have expected time frames and resources targeted to specific diagnoses and/or procedures. The targeted clinical services are frequently those that are high in volume and resource use and, therefore, costly. Critical pathways are usually interdisciplinary in focus, merging the medical and nursing plans of care with those of other disciplines, such as physical therapy, nutrition, or mental health. Essentially, critical pathways can be viewed as interdisciplinary practice guidelines with predetermined standards of care. They provide opportunities for collaborative practice and team approaches that can maximize the expertise of multiple disciplines. These pathways prospectively and directly link clinical care activities and their costs with predetermined time points and outcomes. When benchmarks are incorporated into the pathways, they could facilitate clinical evaluation, especially evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of treatments and intervention strategies. Of concern is that during the literature search for this bibliography, few studies of pathways were found. Originally, critical pathways began with admission and ended with discharge from the hospital. Now as they are being used in other settings, there is the potential for pathways to be focused more on the full range of an episode of care rather than on a fragment that is setting dependent. Such changes were considered in determining the framework for this bibliography. The selection of publications are categorized by the predominant clinical condition, setting or area of emphasis; such as cardiovascular care, pain management, home health care, patient teaching and consumer health, or ambulatory care. Nursing care does not have a separate heading because nursing is integrated into almost every category. This represents the leadership that nursing has provided in the development and growth of critical pathways and in the increasing recognition of their importance to high quality cost effective care. The overview section includes historical, classic, and review articles. Articles that were multi-faceted by clinical area, setting, or discipline are listed in all pertinent categories. This bibliography surveyed the medical literature in all languages from January 1988 through December 1995; however; no pertinent foreign language articles were found. Journal articles, books, book chapters, conference papers, meeting abstracts, dissertations, theses, and audiovisuals are included. Arrangement of the bibliography is by subject and citations within each category are listed alphabetically by author. Citations may be indexed to more than one category. A number of Internet sites (not included in this bibliography) created by clinical settings and vendors that address critical pathways may also be found by utilizing varous wide world web searching tools. Three examples of these wide world web sites and their URLs (uniform resource locations) at the time of this publication are: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Health Services Research Home Page (http://www.csmc.edu/hsr); The Center for Health Education's STATpath Interdisciplinary Plans of Care page (http://www.statpath.com); and the VNA First Home Page of the Visiting Nurse Associations and Community Nurse Services (http://www.interaccess.com/VNAFIRST). The compilers wish to thank Carol A. Vollmer, Information Resource Specialist, The Quality Management Institute, A National Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Durham, NC who contributed additional citations for the final bibliography. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. Beginning with January 1996 indexing, a new Medical Subject Heading CRITICAL PATHWAYS has been created to search for relevant citations indexed since then. The see reference CLINICAL PATHWAYS will also map to retrieve relevant citations. SS 1 = CRITICAL PATHWAYS SS 2 = CLINICAL ADJ PATH# OR CLINICAL ADJ PATHWAY: OR CRITICAL ADJ PATH# OR CRITICAL ADJ PATHWAY: SS 3 = CARE ADJ MAP# OR CARE ADJ MAPP: OR ALL CAREMAP: (TW) SS 4 = RECOVERY ADJ PATH# OR RECOVERY ADJ PATHWAY: OR CLINICAL ADJ TRAJECTOR: SS 5 = MULTIDISCIPLINARY ADJ ACTION ADJ PLAN: SS 6 = CARE ADJ PATH# OR CARE ADJ PATHWAY: SS 7 = 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 SS 8 = CLINICAL NEAR PATH# OR CLINICAL NEAR PATHWAY: OR CRITICAL NEAR PATH# OR CRITICAL NEAR PATHWAY: SS 9 = RECOVERY NEAR PATH# OR RECOVERY NEAR PATHWAY: SS 10 = CARE NEAR MAP# OR CARE NEAR MAPP: OR CLINICAL NEAR TRAJECTOR: OR RECOVERY NEAR MAP# OR RECOVERY NEAR MAPP: SS 11 = STANDARDIZ: NEAR CARE OR STANDARDIZ: NEAR PATH# OR STANDARDIZ: NEAR PATHWAY: SS 12 = 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 SS 13 = 12 AND EXP NURSING RESEARCH OR 12 AND EXP NURSING PROCESS OR 12 AND PATIENT-CENTERED CARE OR 12 AND LENGTH OF STAY SS 14 = 12 AND QUALITY CONTROL OR 12 AND EXP PATIENT CARE TEAM OR 12 AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT OR 12 AND PATIENT CARE PLANNING SS 15 = 12 AND CLINICAL PROTOCOLS OR 12 AND PRACTICE GUIDELINES OR 12 AND PRACTICE GUIDELINE (PT) SS 16 = 12 AND EC (SH) OR 12 AND EXP ECONOMICS OR 12 AND DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS OR 12 AND EXP N4.761 SS 17 = 13 OR 14 OR 15 OR 16 SS 18 = 7 OR 17 GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus *. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Sprouse MW, Whitmore BC. Developing a hospital policy for clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):40-51. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW MANAGED CARE PATIENT EDUCATION AND CONSUMER HEALTH ISSUES STAFF EDUCATION AND MARKETING ISSUES RURAL HEALTH AND SMALL HOSPITAL ISSUES INTRAPROFESSIONAL ISSUES LEGAL ISSUES DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATICS ISSUES VARIANCE TRACKING EVALUATION SPECIFIC CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Ambulatory Care Cardiovascular Care Critical and Emergency Care General critical care Neonatal intensive care General emergency care Burn care Dermatological and Wound Care Endocrine Disorders and Care Gastrointestinal Care Geriatric Care Home Health Care Infectious Disease Care and Control Long Term Care Neurological and Neurosurgical Care Oncological Care Ophthalmological Care Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Care Otolaryngological Care Pain Management and Care Pediatric Care Perioperative Care Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care Psychiatric and Mental Health Care Radiological Diagnosis and Care Respiratory Care Subacute Care Urological and Renal Care Women's Health Care Other Clinical Areas OVERVIEW Adams RA. Strengthening hospital nursing: an approach to restructuring care delivery. J Nurs Adm 1992 Jun;21(6):27-30. Ahrens T. Credit where credit is due; it's the practioner, not the path [letter]. Crit Care Nurse 1996 Feb;16(1):17, 19; discussion 19-20. Comment on: Crit Care Nurse 1995 Jun;15(3):106-13. Aspling DL, Lagoe RJ. Development and implementation of a program to reduce hospital stays and manage resources on a community-wide basis. Nurs Adm Q 1995 Fall;20(1):1-11. Beyea SC. Critical pathways for collaborative nursing care. Menlo Park (CA): Addison-Wesley Nursing; 1996. Beyond tasks: critical thinking teaches nurses to ask why. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):1-3. Brandt M. Clinical practice guidelines and critical paths roadmaps to quality, cost effective care (Part II). J AHIMA 1994 Feb;65(2):54-7; quiz 58-9. Brider P. Who killed the nursing care plan? Am J Nurs 1991 May;91(5):35-9. Bryant MR. Cabinet on research. Critical pathways: what they are and what they are not. A two-part article: optimal care paths. Tar Heel Nurse 1995 Sep-Oct;57(5):18-9. Can you ever have too many pathways? Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jul;3(7):115-6. Capuano TA. Clinical pathways: practical approaches, positive outcomes. Nurs Manag 1995 Jan;26(1): 34-7. CareTrac management system streamlines care at ScrippsHealth. Physician Manag 1994 Jan 15; 5(1):1-2. Choosing high-volume, high cost DRGs for pathways not always best bet. Hosp Peer Rev 1995 Oct; 20(10):137-40. Clinical or care paths: an overview. Home Care Nurse News 1995 Apr;2(4):3. Clinical pathways ensure quality outcomes, meet payer demands. Womens Health Cent Manag 1995 Mar; 3(3):29-33. Clinical pathways shorten length of stay but don't always cut delivery costs. Physician Manag 1995 Apr 21;6(8):1, 8. Coffey RJ, Othman JE, Walters JI. Extending the application of critical path methods. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):14-29. Coffey RJ, Richards JS, Remmert CS, LeRoy SS, Schoville RR, Baldwin PJ. An introduction to critical paths. Qual Health Care 1992 Fall; 1(1):45-54. Cohen EL, ed. Nurse case management in the 21st century. St. Louis: Mosby; forthcoming 1996. Cohen EL. Nursing case management: does it pay? J Nurs Adm 1991 Apr;21(4):20-5. Cohen EL, Cesta TG. Nursing case management: from concept to evaluation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. 239 p. Cohen EL, Cesta TG. Nursing case management: from concept to evaluation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. Brainstorming: development of the multidisciplinary action plan (MAP); p. 117-25. Competing NY hospitals work together developing critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jan;1(1): 18-20. Comried LA. Cost analysis: initiation of HBMC and first CareMap . Nurs Econ 1996 Jan-Feb;14(1): 34-9. Cook JC. Clinical pathways improve organizational performance. QRC Advis 1994 Sep;10(11):1, 5-6. Cordell JL. A guide to developing clinical pathways. MLO Med Lab Obs 1995 Apr;27(4):35-9. Cornwell P. Designing tools for pathway implementation and evaluation. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):202-8. Critical path development model helps system's hospitals standardize data. QI TQM 1994 Dec; 4(12):169-71. Critical path use doesn't have to be as traumatic as the condition. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11): 165-6, 168. Critical paths and care maps: do they mark the road to interdisciplinary collaborative practice [videocassette]? Aliso Viejo (CA): American Association of Critical-Care Nursing; 1995. 1 videocassette: 105 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Credits: Phyllis Reading, executive producer. Critical paths can diminish risks, increase accountability. Hosp Risk Manag 1994 Feb;16(2): 17-21, S1-S4. Critical paths concept evolves into more comprehensive system. Hosp Peer Rev 1992 Feb;17(2):27-30. Critical paths for common DRGs. Atlanta (GA): American Health Consultants; 1993. 23 p. Critical pathway development and total quality management. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jul;1(7):134, 136. Critical pathways [videocassette]. [Carrollton (TX)]: Westcott Communications; 1993. 1 videocassette: 75 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Credits: Jorie Kline, performer. Critical pathways and case management sourcebook. Irving (TX): Voluntary Hospitals of America; 1994. 234 p. Critical pathways lead to quality UR tools. Physician Manag 1993 Jun;4(6):1-3. Critical pathways primer. Drug resource action manual. Houston: Owen Healthcare, Inc.; 1994. Includes computer disk. Curran CR. An interview with Mary Beth Pais... the recipient of the 1993 Nursing Economic$ Excellence Award. Nursing Econ 1994 Jan-Feb; 12(1):5-9. Danish A. Critical care pathways: the basics of development and implementation. Continuum 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):1, 3-8. Davis JT, Allen HD, Felver K, Rummell HM, Powers JD, Cohen DM. Clinical pathways can be based on acuity, not diagnosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 May; 59(5):1074-8. Dearing G. Lovelace Health Systems implements episodes of care. Outcomes Meas Manag 1995 Mar;6(2):1, 3. Demott K. Critical pathways save $6.4 M, cut ALOS at The Christ Hospital. Rep Med Guidel Outcomes 1994 Sep 22;5(18):1-2, 5. Di Lima SN, Howe RS, eds. Medical case management: forms, checklists, and guidelines. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995 Sep-. Eastes L. Commentary on: The clinical process and the quality process [original article by Berwick D appears in QUAL MANAG HEALTH CARE 1992; 1(1):1-8]. ENAS Nurs Scan Emerg Care 1993 May-Jun;3(3):14. Ebener MK, Baugh K, Formella NM. Proving that less is more: linking resources to outcomes. J Nurs Care Qual 1996 Jan;10(2):1-9. Ernst & Young. Critical pathways [videocassette]. [Carrolton (TX)]: Westcott Communications; 1993. 1 videocassette: 30 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Credits: Sally Berger, host. Etheredge MLS. Collaborative care: nursing case management. Chicago: American Hospital Publ.; 1989. 120 p. Evangelista M. Transferable pathway benefits hospital, hospice. Hosp Case Manag 1995 May;3(5):75-8. The evolving health care market....Making the cuts. Nutrition 1995 May-Jun;11(3):315-6. Ferdinand M. Regionalization: Canadian-style integrated networks. A case study. J Healthc Resour 1995 Jan;13(1):14-20. Ferguson LE. Steps to developing a critical pathway. Nurs Adm Q 1993 Spring;17(3):58-62. Fine tuning of critical pathways lies in auxiliary algorithms. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Feb;3(2):21-4. Five years of redesign! Hartford Hospital leaders say they have embarked on a journey without an end. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):13-5. Flynn AM, Kilgallen ME. Case management: a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of cost and quality standards. J Nurs Care Qual 1993 Oct; 8(1):58-66. Four-level analysis isolates data for clinical-financial treatment pathways. Physician Manag 1995 Mar 17;6(6):1-2. Garbin BA. Introduction to clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):6-9. Gelinas LS, Manthey M. Improving patient outcomes through system change: a focus on the changing roles of healthcare organization executives. J Nurs Adm 1995 May;25(5):55-63. Generic pathways can lead to individualized documentation. Hosp Case Manag 1993 May;1(5): 89-90. Geradi T. A regional hospital association's approach to clinical pathway development. J Healthc Qual 1994 Sep-Oct;16(5):10-4. Gibson GD. Clinical pathways: integrated medical guidelines for quality outcomes. La Mesa (CA): Medical Administration; [1994]. 325 p. Giffin M, Giffin RB. Critical pathways produce tangible results. Health Care Strateg Manag 1994 Jul;12(7): 1, 17-23. Giuliano KK, Poirier CE. Nursing case management: critical pathways to desirable outcomes. Nurs Manag 1991 Mar;22(3):52-5. Gomberg F, Miller K. Focused care centers, decentralization, cross-training, and care paths define "world class healthcare" at Florida's Lee Memorial. Strateg Healthc Excell 1992 Mar;5(3): 1-7. Gordon M. Steps to pathway development. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):197-202. Grant PH, Campbell LL, Gautney LJ. Implementing case management and developing clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):10-6. Greenfield E. Critical pathways: what they are and what they are not. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr; 16(2 Pt 2):196-7. Gwozdz DT, Del Togno-Armanasco V. Streamlining patient care documentation. J Nurs Adm 1992 May; 22(5):35-9. Hassan SF. The effect of "clinical pathways" on hospital costs and patients' length of stay: a systems approach to healthcare optimization [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville; 1992. 115 p. Hawkes WG. Bibliography: critical paths. J N Y State Nurses Assoc 1995 Sep;26(3):28. Heacock D, Brobst RA. A multidisciplinary approach to critical path development: a valuable CQI tool. J Nurs Care Qual 1994 Jul;8(4):38-41. Healey KM, Loukota SS, Sears TD, Miles RR, Galbraith TA. Innovation and dedication. One institution finds critical paths are only part of the quality/cost solution. Hosp Health Netw 1994 Mar 20;68(6):68, 70, 72-4. Hirtzel-Trexler BJ. Commentary on Critical pathway patient outcomes: the missing standard [original article by Woodyard L, et al. appears in J Nurs Care Q 1993;8(1):51-7]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1994 Mar-Apr;2(2):21. Hofmann PA. Critical path method: an important tool for coordinating clinical care. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1993 Jul;19(7):235-46. Hogan P. Putting it all together: critical paths, outcomes, variance analyses, and accountability. Inside Case Manag 1995 Jan;1(10):3-4. Hospital saves $4.4 million with critical paths over 2 years. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Nov;2(11):188-92. Hunstein BF. From beta site to hospitalwide clinical pathways. Healthc Inform 1995 Feb;12(2):34, 36. Ignatavicius DD. Clinical pathways: the wave of the future. HT Mag Healthc Travel Prof 1995 Mar-Apr;2(5):22-5, 46-7. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Incorporating practice guidelines and clinical pathways into patient care. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1995 Oct; 7(8):1. Insurers offer savings to hospitals with critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Feb;2(2):35-6. Johnson S. Patient focused care without the upheaval. Nurs Stand 1994 Apr 13-19;8(29):20-2. Joseph ED. Advanced techniques in the development and implementation of critical pathways. Chicago: Healthcare Education Consulting Publications; [1994]. 84 p. Joseph ED. The critical pathways implementation guide. Hinsdale (IL): Care Education Group, Inc.; 1994. 105 p. Joseph ED. The critical pathways implementation guide. Health information management edition. Rev. ed. Hinsdale (IL): Care Education Group, Inc.; 1994. 71 p. Just do it! Advice from the leader of a five-year-old project. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1):14-5. Kalbhen J. Protocols--going down the clinical path. Hosp Health Netw 1995 Oct 5;69(19):86. Kealey GP, Burger M. Utilization of critical pathways to facilitate clinical care. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):214-6. Kennedy M. Ten strategies for making clinical guidelines and pathways work. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1995 Oct;7(8):2-12. Keyzer DM. Expanding the role of the nurse: nurse practitioners and case managers. Aust J Rural Health 1994 Aug;2(4):5-11. Kimball L. Collaborative care: a quality improvement and cost reduction tool. J Healthc Qual 1993 Jul-Aug;15(4):6-9. Korpiel MR. Issues related to clinical pathways: managed care, implementation, and liability. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):191-5. Korycan T. Tips from the front lilne: achieving cost and quality benefits in critical pathway implementation. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):71-3. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. LeClair C. Primary care: alternate pathway. Innovator 1991 Fall:8. Lee S. Clinical pathways for case management. Contin Care 1995 Jul-Aug;14(6):12-7. Ley J. Jill Ley: putting critical pathways on the map [Interview by Michael Villaire]. Crit Care Nurse 1995 Jun;15(3):106-13. Comment in: Crit Care Nurse 1996 Feb;16(1):17, 19; discussion 19-20. Lucas J, Gunter MJ, Byrnes J, Coyle M, Friedman N. Integrating outcomes measurement into clinical practice improvement across the continuum of care: a disease-specific episode of care model. Care Q 1995 Spring;3(2):14-22; discussion 23-5. Lumsdon K. Exploring the continuum. In uncharted waters, health networks map continuums of care-- and their futures. Hosp Health Netw 1993 Jul 5; 67(13):28-30. Lumsdon K. Rule 1 on critical paths: proceed with caution. Hosp Health Netw 1993 Nov 20;67(22):56. Lumsdon K, Hagland M. Mapping care. Hosp Health Netw 1993 Oct 20;67(20):34-40. Luttman RJ, Laffel GL, Pearson SD. Using PERT/CPM (Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical Path Method) to design and improve clinical processes. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):1-13. Mangano J. Two different routes to using critical pathways. Qual Manag Update 1993;3(2):3-5. Marquette-Owens K, Trombley M. Clinical pathways: a way to improve quality and reduce cost. Colo Nurse 1995 Jun;95(2):19. Martich D. The role of the nurse educator in the development of critical pathways. J Nurs Staff Dev 1993 Sep-Oct;9(5):227-9. McCloskey JC, Mass M, Huber DG, Kasparek A, Specht J, Ramler C, Watson C, Blegen M, Delaney C, Ellerbe S, Etscheidt C, Gongaware C, Johnson M, Kelly K, MehmErt P, Clougherty J. Nursing management innovations: a need for systematic evaluation. Nurs Econ 1994 Jan-Feb;12(1):35-44. Meiches RK. Fairview's Clinical Pathway Project. Minn Med 1994 Jun;77(6):9-11. Merry MD. Guidelines and pathways: where do they fit in? Inside Case Manag 1995 Feb 17;6(4):5. Miller J, Newton V, Havercroft J. Nursing patients through "pathways of care." Prof Nurse 1995 Sep; 10(12):759-62. Milne CT, Pelletier LC. Enhancing staff skill. Developing critical pathways at a community hospital. J Nurs Staff Dev 1994 May-Jun; 10(3):160-2. Morrall K. Coordinated care. Paving the road to Medicare savings. Hosp Health Netw 1996 Jan 20; 70(2):43. Mosher C, Cronk P, Kidd A, McCormick P, Stockton S, Sulla C. Upgrading practice with critical pathways. Am J Nurs 1992 Jan;92(1):41-4. Moss MT. Practical implementation of outcomes oriented case management. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):40-5. Multidisciplinary plan wows Joint Commission. Hosp Peer Rev 1996 Jan;21(1):4-5. Nelson MF, Christenson RH. The focused review process: a utilization management firm's experience with length of stay guidelines. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1995 Sep;21(9):477-87. Newman B. Enhancing patient care: case management and critical pathways. Aust J Adv Nurs 1995 Spring;13(1):16-24. Nordquist R. Factors that influence utilization of established critical paths [masters thesis]. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota; 1994. 66 p. Nyberg D, Marschke P. Critical pathways: tools for continuous quality improvement. Nurs Adm Q 1993 Spring;17(3):62-9. Olson LL. Commentary on: Critical and anticipated recovery paths: only the beginning [original article by Zander K, et al. appears in Nurs Manag 1994 Aug;25(8):34-7, 40]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1995 Mar-Apr;3(2):21. Olson LL. Commentary on: Patient focused care: is it for your hospital? [original article by Townsend M appears in NURS Manag 1993;24(9):74-80]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1994 Mar-Apr;2(2):5. Pathway development model guides hospitals' teams. QI TQM 1994 Dec;4(12):171-2. Paton R. Fulfilling the commitment to improve patient care? Assessment of the effect of the Patient's Charter in a community hospital. Prof Nurse 1993 Nov;9(2):130, 132, 134. Peters DA. Outcomes: the mainstay of a framework for quality care. J Nurs Care Qual 1995 Oct;10(1): 61-9. Rasmussen N, Gengler T. Clinical pathways of care: the route to better communication. Nursing 1994 Feb;24(2):47-9. Reiling JG, Baehr LJ. Hospitals' newest challenge: designing in quality. Physician Exec 1994 Dec; 20(12):26-9. A resource list of organizations that have developed clinical pathways and clinical guidelines. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1995 Oct;7(8):13-5. Roche J, Lawrence D. Developing a critical path for clinical paths. QRC Advis 1993 Nov;10(1):10-2. Schmele JA. Commentary on: The critical path method alone does nothing to improve performance [original article by Luttman R appears in QUAL REV BULL 1993;19(5):142-3]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1993 Nov-Dec;1(1):19. Schriefer J. The synergy of pathways and algorithms: two tools work better than one. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 Sep;20(9):485-99. Schuckman P, DeMott K. New Jersey Hospital Association launches critical pathway database. Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res 1995 Sep 21;6(19):9-10. 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Forest Grove (OR): Brown-Spath & Associates; 1993. 126 p. Special issue: clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):6-51. Sprouse MW, Whitmore BC. Developing a hospital policy for clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):40-51. STATpath: critical paths and expected outcomes. Arvada (CO): Center for Health Education; [1993]. Tallon R. Devising and delivering objectives for disease state management. Nurs Manag 1995 Dec;26(12): 22-4. Taylor JC. Critical pathways and management strategy. Clin Perform Qual Health Care 1995 Apr-May-Jun; 3(2):114-5. Thompson DG. Critical pathways: good idea, right reason? Crit Care Nurse 1994 Dec;14(6):112. Toward a fully integrated CareMap and case management system. New Defin 1993 Spring; 8(2):1-3. Trinidad EA. Case management: a model of CNS practice. Clin Nurse Spec 1993 Jul;7(4):221-3. Trofino J. Transformational leadership in health care. Nurs Manag 1995 Aug;26(8):42-9. Troup N. Patient focused-care. 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Palmer JS, Worwag EM, Conrad WG, Blitz BF, Chodak GW. Same day surgery for radical retropubic prostatectomy: is it an attainable goal? Urology 1996 Jan;47(1):23-8. Path development takes on community approach. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Apr;3(4):65-6. Pathways, patient education improve satisfaction reates. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Oct;3(10):163-4. Patton MD, Schaerf R. Thoracotomy, critical pathway, and clinical outcomes. Cancer Pract 1995 Sep-Oct; 3(5):286-94. Perez C. Bridging the gap between care and outcomes: a clinical pathway customer satisfaction tool. Inside Case Manag 1994 Oct;1(7):4-5. Pictorial pathways offer itineraries of hospital experiences for patients. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Aug;1(8):137-8. QI keys identified to ensure hospital supports physicians, clinical paths. QI TQM 1994 Feb;4(2): 13-6. Rasmussen N, Gengler T. Clinical pathways of care: the route to better communication. Nursing 1994 Feb;24(2):47-9. Redick EL, Kurack TB. Marketing critical pathways in critical care. 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Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):5-6. Teaching path balances LOS, education needs for MI. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):171, 174. Telling consumers about critical paths. Presbyterian Hospital, Charlotte, NC. Profiles Healthc Mark 1994 Mar-Apr;(58):24-6. TN hospital includes advance directive choices on critical path. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jan;1(1):3,6. To post or not to post: empowering patients through critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jan;1(1): 1-3. Turner LJ. Putting patient education on a new path. RN 1995 Sep;58(9):42-4. TV commercial touts clinical pathways at North Carolina hospital. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Aug; 1(8):141. Worried about complying with patient education standards? Critical paths can help. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Sep;2(9):145-8. Young-McCaughan S. Care path and CPR mannequin have new roles in early discharge teaching. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Jan-Feb;22(1):149-50. STAFF EDUCATION AND MARKETING ISSUES Creating paths with MCOs. Plan ahead before sitting down at the bargaining table. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Dec;2(12):195. D'Abramo JE. Nurse administrators' views regarding the critical pathways model within the acute care setting [masters thesis]. New Haven (CT): Southern Connecticut State University; 1994. 67 p. Don't automatically point fingers at doctors. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jun;3(6):95-6. Educating for survival: different resources dictate different strategies. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct; 1(5):1-3. Educator's role increases case managers' effectiveness. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Sep;2(9):149-50. An entire hospital learns how to learn before undertaking pathway project. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):1. Evers C, Odom S, Latulip-Gardner J, Paul S. Developing a critical path for orientation. Am J Crit Care 1994 May;3(3):217-23. Hofmann PA. Critical path method: an important tool for coordinating clinical care. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1993 Jul;19(7):235-46. 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A lesson learned: pathway users must be present at the creation. Asthma pathway survives a slow start-up. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):3-5. Lord JT. Architects of care; how we built support for clinical pathways [interview by Kevin Lumsdon]. Hosp Health Netw 1994 Mar 20;68(6):20-1. Make path development teams integral part of CM. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Mar;3(3):48-50. Martich D. The role of the nurse educator in the development of critical pathways. J Nurs Staff Dev 1993 Sep-Oct;9(5):227-9. Milne CT, Pelletier LC. Enhancing staff skill. Developing critical pathways at a community hospital. J Nurs Staff Dev 1994 May-Jun;10(3): 160-2. NC hospital begins its first outcomes project. Requires commitment, clerical help, and software. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):10-2. Overcoming the education obstacle. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Sep;3(9):134. Path development takes on community approach. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Apr;3(4):65-6. Physicians, CareMaps, and collaboration. New Defin 1992 Winter;7(1):1-4. Power of pathways now in staff hands. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Aug;3(8):119. Proven tips to keep path teams motivated. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Mar;3(3):50-2. QI keys identified to ensure hospital supports physicians, clinical paths. QI TQM 1994 Feb;4(2):13-6. Redick EL, Kurack TB. Marketing critical pathways in critical care. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1994 Nov-Dec;13(6):323-4. Reduce staff education woes--target audience. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Feb;3(2):26, 31-2. RN-MD communication issues: could this be a male-female thing? Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2): 24-5. Smith HQ, Buszta C. Gaining acceptance in the use of critical pathways. Nurs Qual Connect 1994 Nov-Dec;4(3):10-1. Teaching path balances LOS, education needs for MI. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):171, 174. Teaching staff nurses accountability. Nurse manager and project managers share strategies. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):6-7. TV commercial touts clinical pathways at North Carolina hospital. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Aug; 1(8):141. Wall D, Joseph ED. Critical pathways: healthcare providers, payers rush to embrace elusive concept. Qual Manag Update 1993;3(2):1-2. Wall DK, Joseph ED, Mac Grath SM. Critical pathways: development and implementation. Chicago: Healthcare Education Consulting Publications; 1994. 99 p. Wall DK, Proyect MM. Critical pathways: moving from parameters to pathways. A guide for developing and implementing critical pathways. Santa Cruz (CA): Quality Team Associates; 1994. 150 p. Wall DK, Proyect MM. Pitching pathways: selling upper management on the value of critical path development. Inside Case Manag 1994 Nov;1(8): 1-2. Who says resource management can't be fun for hospital staff? Hosp Case Manag 1993 Oct;1(10): 185, 187. Zander K, ed. Managing outcomes through collaborative care: the application of CareMapping and case management. Chicago: American Hospital Pub.; 1995. 207 p. RURAL HEALTH AND SMALL HOSPITAL ISSUES Bero AF, Gillmore VL. Small hospital makes best use of existing staff. Hosp Case Manag 1994 May;2(5):75-8. Busteed S. The challenges of implementing quality improvement in small rural hospitals. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1994 Jul-Aug;6(6):25-9. Central New York hospitals band together on 17 critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Sep;2(9):157-60. Ely BA, Walker R, Berger T. Case management in a small rural hospital. Nurs Manag 1995 Nov; 26(11):64-6. Graybeal KB, Gheen M, McKenna B. Clinical pathway development: the Overlake Model. Nurs Manag 1993 Apr;24(4):42-5. Greaser T, Kemph R, Burns D. Nursing case management in a rural setting. Kans Nurse 1993 Mar;68(3):3-4. Jones RA, Mullikin CW. Collaborative care: pathways to quality outcomes. J Healthc Qual 1994 Jul-Aug; 16(4):10-3. Keyzer DM. Expanding the role of the nurse: nurse practitioners and case managers. Aust J Rural Health 1994 Aug;2(4):5-11. Mellott SK. Commentary on: Collaborative care: pathways to quality outcomes [original article by Jones RA, et al. appears in J Healthc Qual 1994;16(4):10-3]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1995 Mar-Apr;3(2):18. Rawsky E. Building a case management model in a small community hospital. Nurs Manag 1996 Feb; 27(2):49-51. Small community hospital show larger facility the way. Case management program is being replicated. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):14-5. Spath PL. Small hospitals can benefit from clinical paths. Hosp Peer Rev 1994 Jul;19(7):117-20. INTRAPROFESSIONAL ISSUES Abbott J, Young A, Haxton R, Van Dyke P. Collaborative care: a professional model that influences job satisfaction. Nurs Econ 1994 May-Jun;12(3):167-9, 174. Aspling DL, Lagoe RJ. Development and implementation of a program to reduce hospital stays and manage resources on a community-wide basis. Nurs Adm Q 1995 Fall;20(1):1-11. Borland C, Yorke G, Davies S, Wells Johnson P. A collaborative care planning and audit experience on myocardial infarction. J Assoc Qual Healthc 1995 Spring;2(4):115-20. Brandt M. Clinical practice guidelines and critical paths-- roadmaps to quality, cost effective care (Part I). J AHIMA 1994 Jan;65(1):51-4; quiz 55-60. Calming MD fears of path liability. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jun;1(6):111, 113-4. CareMap system survives two mergers. CQI, teams, and physician involvement help NJ hospital through the turmoil. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4): 14-5. CareMaps enhance practioners control. Physician Manag 1992 Mar;3(3):8-9. Case managers must negotiate a power base. Advice on building relationships. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):7-8. Clinical pathways checklist for subacute care facilities. Physician Manag 1995 Apr 21;6(8):7. Comfort measures only. Physician's professional and personal experiences inspire pathway for the dying. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):7-9. A controlled study of a stroke clinical pathway. Unique format gets superior outcomes. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):7-8. Costello MM, Murphy KM. Clinical guidelines: a defense in medical malpractice suits. Physician Exec 1995 Aug;21(8):10-2. Critical paths conflict with MDs' traditional ethics. Hosp Peer Rev 1995 Oct;29(10):140-1. Critical pathways can help reduce incidents of malpractice litigation. Physician Manag 1994 Apr 15;5(7):1, 8. D'Abramo JE. Nurse administrators' views regarding the critical pathways model within the acute care setting [masters thesis]. New Haven (CT): Southern Connecticut State University; 1994. 67 p. Don't automatically point fingers at doctors. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jun;3(6):95-6. Doty WD, Curry CR Jr, Goellner W, Holman KI, Rodenburg H, Rogers EW, Wasserman F 3rd. Action by physicians and other health-care professionals in hospital emergency departments. J Fla Med Assoc 1995 Feb;82(2):108-42. Eastes L. Commentary on The clinical process and the quality process [original article by Berwick D appears in QUAL Manag HEALTH CARE 1992;1(1):1-8]. ENAS Nurs Scan Emerg Care 1993 May-Jun;3(3):14. Employers, hospitals, and insurance company team up to offer pathways. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Apr; 1(4):61-2, 65-7. Feedback prompts physician participation. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Apr;3(4):57. Ferdinand M. Reducing orthopedic implant costs. A physician-driven approach at Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Cleveland. J Healthc Mater Manag 1994 Nov;12(11):20-5. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Goode CJ. Evaluation of patient and staff outcomes with hospital-based managed care [dissertation]. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa; 1993. 259 p. Goode CJ. Impact of a CareMap and case management on patient satisfaction and staff satisfaction, collaboration, and autonomy. Nurs Econ 1995 Nov-Dec;13(6):337-48, 361. Hart R, Musfeldt C. MD-directed critical pathways: it's time. Hospitals 1992 Dec 5;66(23):56. Hopkins EM, Schendel SA. Critical pathway use: outcome analysis in team care efficacy. Paper presented at: 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association; 1995 Apr 24-29; Tampa, FL. Abstract available from: American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, Pittsburgh, PA. Hospital reduces practice pattern variation before starting pathway. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Oct; 3(10):149-50. Hospitals find the unexpected works best when winning MDs over to case management. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Dec;1(12):205-9. Hospitals integrate MDs in variance tracking efforts. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):18-20. Hospitals use practice data to garner physician support. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jul;2(7):121-4. How to market paths for successful staff buy-in. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Apr;3(4):58, 63-4. How to win physician support for hospital case management programs. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2):21-4. Hunter JC. Commentary on Critical pathways in oncology: balancing the interests of hospitals and the physician [original article by Katterhagen G et al appears in J ONCOL Manag 1993;2(4):206]. ONS Nurs Scan Oncol 1994 Jan-Feb;3(1):22. Kennedy M. Ten strategies for making clinical guidelines and pathways work. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1995 Oct;7(8):2-12. Kibbe DC, Bentz E, McLaughlin CP. Continuous quality improvement for continuity of care. J Fam Pract 1993 Mar;36(3):304-8. Kutterhagen JG, Patton MD. Critical pathways in oncology: balancing the interests of hospitals and the physicians. J Oncol Manag 1993 Jul-Aug:2(4): 20-6. Language, order sets, progress notes. Three physicians share leadership strategies. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1):8-9. Lawson RD. Implementing an integrated program of resource management. J Healthc Qual 1995 May-Jun;17(3):17-22, 30. London J. On the right path: collaborative case management makes nurses partners in the care planning process. Health Prog 1993 Jun;74(5):36-8. Lynn P. UWMC's new "coordinated care" program. Wash Nurse 1993 Nov-Dec;23(6):24. Make path development teams integral part of CM. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Mar;3(3):48-50. Measuring staff satisfaction when making major changes. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):1-3. Multidisciplinary plan wows Joint Commission. Hosp Peer Rev 1996 Jan;21(1):4-5. Musfeldt C. A clinical look at critical pathways. Healthc Inform 1995 Feb;12(2):44-6, 48. Musfeldt C. Here's why critical pathways make sense for your practice. Care 1994 Oct;3(10): 49-50. Musfeldt C, Hart RI. Physician-Directed Diagnostic and Therapeutic Plans: a quality cure for America's health-care crisis. J Soc Health Syst 1993;4(1):80-8. NC hospital begins its first outcomes project. Requires commitment, clerical help, and software. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):10-2. Nolin C. An analysis of the use and effect of CareMap tools in medical malpractice litigation. South Natick (MA): Center for Case Mananagement; 1994. 40 p. Nurse care managers + critical paths = savings. Physician Manag 1993 Mar;4(3):2-3. Osguthorpe SG. Collaborative practice. In: Birdsall C, ed. Managment issues in critical care. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1991. p. 83-96. Parallel MD orders keep critical paths in physicians' view daily. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Nov;2(11): 177-8, 181-2. Patton MD, Kutterhagen JG. Critical pathways in oncology: aligning resource expenditures with clinical outcomes. J Oncol Manag 1994 Jul-Aug; 3(4):16-21. Pearson C, McGough A. Benefits of multidisciplinary audit in the care of stroke patients. J Assoc Qual Healthc 1994 Spring;1(2):42-5. Pearson SD, Goulart-Fisher D, Lee TH. Critical pathways as a strategy for improving care: problems and potential. Ann Intern Med 1995 Dec 15;123(12):941-8. Pediatrician leads case management. Research is an integral part of the program. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):7-8. Physician-Directed Diagnostic and Therapeutic Plans: MD's guide critical path for GI non-variceal bleeding. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Mar;1(3):49, 52. Physician-driven depression path standardizes care. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Aug;3(8):123, 126. Physician-led pathways pose special challenges. Stanford grapples with authority and education issues. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):9-11. Physicians, CareMaps, and collaboration. New Defin 1992 Winter;7(1):1-4. Physicians play key role in guideline development. Manag Care Qual 1995 May;1(4):44-7. Puetz BE. Where are the nurses?... develop and implement critical pathways. J Nurs Staff Dev 1993 Mar-Apr;9(2):61. QI keys identified to ensure hospital supports physicians, clinical paths. QI TQM 1994 Feb;4(2): 13-6. Reiling JG, Baehr LJ. Hospitals' newest challenge: designing in quality. Physician Exec 1994 Dec; 20(12):26-9. RN-MD communication issues: could this be a male-female thing? Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2):24-5. Smith GB, Danforth DA, Owens PJ. Role restructuring: nurse, case manager, and educator. Nurs Adm Q 1994 Fall;19(1):21-32. Staying alive: six years of ups and downs but finally case management process prevails at CT hospital. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):14-5. Tahan HA, Cesta TG. Developing case management plans using a quality improvement model... multidisciplinary action plan (MAP). J Nurs Adm 1994 Dec;24(12):49-58. Wall D, Joseph E. Critical pathways: healthcare providers, payers rush to embrace elusive concept. Qual Manag Update 1993;3(2):1-2. Weilitz PB, Potter PA. A managed care system. Financial and clinical evaluation. J Nurs Adm 1993 Nov;23(11):51-7. Willingness to change characterizes busy surgeon. Revascularization pathways save $2,000 and two days per patient. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec; 1(6):9-10. LEGAL ISSUES Calming MD fears of path liability. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jun;1(6):111, 113-4. Clinical pathways and risk. QRC Advis 1995 Jun;11(8): 1, 6-7. Comfort measures only. Physician's professional and personal experiences inspire pathway for the dying. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):7-9. Costello MM, Murphy KM. Clinical guidelines: a defense in medical malpractice suits. Physician Exec 1995 Aug;21(8):10-2. CPs bring insurance savings. Hosp Risk Manag 1994 Feb;16(2):23. Critical paths as legal documentation: the dangerous waters of charting by exception. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Mar;1(13):54-60. Critical paths can diminish risks, increase accountability. Hosp Risk Manag 1994 Feb;16(2): 17-21, S1-S4. Critical pathways can help reduce incidents of malpractice litigation. Physician Manag 1994 Apr 15;5(7):1, 8. Korpiel MR. Issues related to clinical pathways: managed care, implementation, and liability. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):191-5. Lumsdon K. Clinical paths: a good defense in malpractice litigation? Hosp Health Netw 1994 Jul 5;68(13):58. Maine makes guidelines an affirmative defense. Hosp Risk Manag 1994 Feb;16(2):23-4. Nolin C. An analysis of the use and effect of CareMap tools in medical malpractice litigation. South Natick (MA): Center for Case Management; 1994. 40 p. Nolin CE. Malpractice claims, patient communication, and critical paths: a lawyer's perspective. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):65-70. Nolin CE, Clougherty LA. Will critical paths keep you out of trouble? Inside Case Manag 1994 Sep;1(6): 4-5. Paths are no substitute for good documentation, attorneys say. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Feb;2(2): 33-4. Paths remind caregivers of record requirements. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Dec;3(12):192, 194-5. Pearson SD, Goulart-Fisher D, Lee TH. Critical pathways as a strategy for improving care: problems and potential. Ann Intern Med 1995 Dec 15;123(12):941-8. RMs can help navigate along critical paths. Hosp Risk Manag 1994 Feb;16(2):21-2. Rozovsky F. Clinical pathways improve care delivery. But beware--attorneys may use them as standards in litigations. Manag Healthc 1995 Dec;5(12):17. Sprouse MW, Whitmore BC. Developing a hospital policy for clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):40-51. TN hospital includes advance directive choices on critical path. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jan;1(1):3,6. DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATICS ISSUES Abbott J, Hronek C, Mirecki JK. The leap to automating clinical pathways. J Healthc Resour 1995 Jun;13(6):8-16. Acord Szczesny J. Computer tracking of critical path variations. Inside Case Manag 1994 May;1(2):1-3. Adams RA. Computerization of patient acuity and nursing care planning: new approach to improved patient care and cost effective staffing... selected authors from 1985 update their articles. J Nurs Adm 1995 Jan;25(1):8. Ambulatory case management saves HMO $8 million. Questionnaires and histories identify at-risk patients. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):6-7. American Health Information Managment Association. Position statement. Issue: clinical practice guidelines and critical paths--roles of HIM professionals. J AHIMA 1994 Feb;65(2):Suppl 1-2, following p. 72. Ashworth GB, Aubrey C. Collaborative care documentation by exception system. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care 1992:109-13. Be selective when using new indicator measurement system... the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' indicator measurement system (IMSystem). Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jun; 2(6):101-3. Berkey T. Benchmarking in health care: turning challenges into success. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 May;20(5):277-84. Brandt M. Clinical practice guidelines and critical paths-- roadmaps to quality, cost effective care (Part I). J AHIMA 1994 Jan;65(1):51-4; quiz 55-60. Carty B. Information features of clinical nursing information systems: a delphi survey [dissertation]. New York: Columbia University Teachers College; 1993. 164 p. Chu S, Thom J. Information technology as a proactive strategic weapon in healthcare. J Nurs Adm 1994 Apr;24(4):5-7. Clements F, Love K. Responsive restructuring: decision support for coordinated care financial and clinical integration (part 2). New Defin 1993 Fall;8(4):1-4. Clinical workstations designed to support clinical pathways. Physician Manag 1995 Feb 17;6(4):5. Community-wide stroke pathway unites caregivers. Asheville, NC provider council begins to create seamless care. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun; 1(3):11-3. Costing a clinical map. MA hospital goes beyond the length of stay. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5): 11-3. Critical pathway automation--alpha, beta, but no omega. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jun;1(6):101-4. DiJerome L. The nursing case management computerized system: meeting the challenge of health care delivery through technology. Comput Nurs 1992 Nov-Dec;10(6):250-8. Documentation, CM system praised by Joint Commission. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jul;3(7): 101-6. Eagar K, Milbourne K, Hindle D. Computerised care plans: provoking a quit revolution. Aust Health Rev 1993;16(1):103-11. An entire hospital learns how to learn before undertaking pathway project. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):1. Fields M. Critical pathways: high roads to better patient care. Healthc Inform 1994 Aug;11(8):40-2, 44. Fowler ME. Commentary on: The Nursing Case Managment Computerized System: meeting the challenge of health care delivery through technology [original article by DiJerome L appears in Comput Nurs 1992;10(6):250-8]. ONS Nurs Scan Oncol 1993 May-Jun;2(3):19. George EL, Large AA. Reducing length of stay in patients undergoing open heart surgery: the University of Pittsburgh experience. AACN Clin Issues 1995 Aug;6(3):482-8. Gogola M. A joint hospital/vendor project brings CQI and point-of-care technology to home care. Comput Nurs 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):143-50. Greiner JE. Microlevel documentation: relational database for critical path development. Semin Nurse 1994 Jun;2(2):72-8. Grover FL, Hammermeister KE, Shroyer AL. Quality initiatives and the power of the database: what they are and how they run. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 Nov; 60(5):1514-21. Hospital finds success with CM approach on second try emphasis now on outcomes... case management. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Feb;2(2):21-6. Hronek C. Redesigning documentation: clinical pathways, flowsheets, and variance notes. Medsurg Nurs 1995 Apr;4(2):157-9. Hunstein BF. From beta site to hospitalwide clinical pathways. Healthc Inform 1995 Feb;12(2):34, 36. Indicator sheets streamline paths, improve variance tracking. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Apr;3(4):53-8. Integrated clinical pathway documentation: it works! Hosp Case Manag 1994 Apr;2(4):61-4. Interim automation solutions to variance analysis. Three hospitals share what's working for them. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):9-10. Issues in evaluating a clinical pathway program. A biostatistician and project leader share their experiences. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1): 9-11. King MM, McDonald B, Good D. Redesigning care using total quality management and outcome/variance analysis. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1995 Feb;10(5):3-5, [1 p. insert]. Landry PJ. Use of severity adjusted comparative sustems in the development of critical pathways. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care 1995: 610-14. Linking nursing costs to pathways. SunHealth combines a patient classification system, clinical pathways, and cost accounting. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):9-10. Luttman RJ, Laffel GL, Pearson SD. Using PERT/CPM (Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical Path Method) to design and improve clinical processes. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):1-13. Map your course with pathway automation, new responsibilities. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jun;3(6): 85-6, 89-90. McMahon LF Jr, Eward AM, Bernard AM, Hayward RA, Billi JE, Rosevear JS, Southwell D. The integrated inpatient management model's clinical management information system. Hosp Health Serv Adm 1994 Spring;39(1):81-92. Mendenhall S, Prock S. Variance program melds hospital's, vendor's ideas. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):14-5, 18. Metzler S. Using detailed billing data to develop critical paths. QRC Advis 1994 Feb;10(4):4-6. Mosher C, Cronk P, Kidd A, McCormick P, Stockton S, Sulla C. Upgrading practice with critical pathways. Am J Nurs 1992 Jan;92(1):41-4. Musfeldt C. A clinical look at critical pathways. Healthc Inform 1995 Feb;12(2):44-6, 48. NC hospital begins its first outcomes project. Requires commitment, clerical help, and software. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):10-2. PA hospital computerizes variance analysis system, aids pathway team. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1): 1-4. Pathways as a complete documentation system. It makes all the difference! Issues Outcome 1995 Nov-Dec; 1(6):4-6. Pediatrician leads case management. Research is an integral part of the program. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):7-8. Pigott HE. Linking outcomes analysis to critical clinical pathways. Behav Healthc Tomorrow 1995 Jan-Feb; 4(1):59-61. Porter AL. Commentary: on Case management a must to survive managed care [original article by Barrett M in COMP HEALTHC 1993;14(6):22-5]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1993 Nov-Dec;1(1):11. PathBuilder - a tool for developing pathway. Inside Case Manag 1995 Mar;1(12):5-7. Schriefer J. Managing critical pathway variances. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):30-42. Schriefer J, Leff E, Barber S. Tools for handling capitation, case management, pathways, and algorithms. Inside Case Manag 1995 Aug;2(5):1-4. Smith HQ, Buszta C. Gaining acceptance in the use of critical pathways. Nurs Qual Connect 1994 Nov-Dec;4(3):10-1. Some sources for guidelines and outcomes measures. Mapping care requires a variety of supportive information. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3): 4-6. Spath PL. Critical paths: a tool for clinical process management. J AHIMA 1993 Mar;64(3):48-58. Spath PL. The information imperative of outcomes management. Top Health Inf Manag 1995 Feb; 15(3):17-28. Sperry S. Opportunities and challenges: strategies for implementing multidisciplinary documentation forms. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1994 Jun;9(9): 1, 3-4, special insert [2p]. St. Rita's Medical Center (Lima, OH). Documentation of occupational injuries in the ED. ED Manag 1994 Sep;6(9 Suppl):[7 p.]. The streamlined path: hospital condenses path to single page. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Dec;1(12):219-20. Tohara CS. On the line: professional practice solutions ... critical paths. J AHIMA 1995 Mar;66(3):36, 38. Variance tracking reflects the growing computerization of CM. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Oct;1(10):177-8, 183. Vollmer C. Clinical pathways: expanding the librarian's role. MLA News 1995 May;(275):9. Vollmer C. Librarians join the clinical pathways team. Natl Netw 1993 Nov;18(2):6-11. The wilderness of variance analysis. Survey shows similarity of struggles. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):11-2. Windle PE. Critical pathways: an integrated documentation tool. Nurs Manag 1994 Sep;25(9): 80F-80L, 80P. VARIANCE TRACKING Acord Szczesny J. Computer tracking of critical path variations. Inside Case Manag 1994 May;1(2):1-3. Armbruster TD. The relationship between critical pathways and patient outcomes on total knee replacement patients [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): Bellarmine College; 1993. 76 p. Barnes RV, Lawton L, Briggs D. Clinical benchmarking improves clinical paths: experience with coronary artery bypass grafting. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 May;20(5):267-76. Blegen MA, Reiter RC, Goode CJ, Murphy RR. Outcomes of hospital-based managed care: a multivariate analysis of cost and quality. Obstet Gynecol 1995 Nov;86(5):809-14. Breitweiser A. Variance tracking can be a learning process. Inside Case Manag 1995 Mar;1(12):6. Bueno MM, Hwang RF. Understanding variances in hospital stay. Nurs Manag 1993 Nov;24(11):51-7. Chemotherapy pathway tracks variance from goals, not tasks. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Apr;1(4):69-70. Coping with bottlenecks and variances. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2):38. Hogan P. Putting it all together: critical paths, outcomes, variance analyses, and accountability. Inside Case Manag 1995 Jan;1(10):3-4. Hospital integrate MDs in variance tracking efforts. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):18-20. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Indicator sheets streamline paths, improve variance tracking. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Apr;3(4):53-8. Interim automation solutions to variance analysis. Three hospitals share what's working for them. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):9-10. Keep focus on the big picture when tackling variance analysis. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Aug;1(8):150-2. King MM, McDonald B, Good D. Redesigning care using total quality management and outcome/variance analysis. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1995 Feb;10(5):3-5, [1 p. insert]. Mendenhall S, Prock S. Variance program melds hospital's, vendor's ideas. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):14-5, 18. Michel J. Home health clinical paths produce functional outcome data. Inside Case Manag 1995 Feb;1(11): 5-7. Miller TI, Keatley MA. Use caution when interpreting variance analyses. Inside Case Manag 1995 Mar; 1(12):1-3. Mount Clemens General Hospital (Clinton Township, MI). Exhibit 2. Mount Clemens General Hospital critical path: variance reports. Inside Case Manag 1994 Apr;1(1):[2 p. insert]. PA hospital computerizes variance analysis system, aids pathway team. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1): 1-4. Pearson SD, Goulart-Fisher D, Lee TH. Critical pathways as a strategy for improving care: problems and potential. Ann Intern Med 1995 Dec 15;123(12):941-8. Schriefer J. Managing critical pathway variances. Qual Health Care 1995 Winter;3(2):30-42. Spath PL. To sample or not to sample. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Aug;3(8):128-30. Stroke path calls for care when evaluating variances. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):176-7. Take the next step in variance management. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):4-6. Tidwell SL. A graphic tool for tracking variance & comorbidities in cardiac surgery case management. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1993 Fall;8(2):6-19. Variance tracking reflects the growing computerization of CM. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Oct;1(10):177-8, 183. Wall D, Joseph E. Analyzing critical pathways with statistics. Qual Manag Update 1993 Jun;3:8-10. Which perioperative variances should you track? Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jun;2(6):95. The wilderness of variance analysis. Survey shows similarity of struggles. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):11-2. Windle PE. Critical pathways: an integrated documentation tool. Nurs Manag 1994 Sep;25(9): 80F-80L, 80P. Zander K. Quantifying, managing, and improving quality. Part III. Using variance concurrently... CareMap tools. New Defin 1992 Fall;7(4):1-4. Zander K, ed. Managing outcomes through collaborative care: the application of CareMapping and case management. Chicago: American Hospital Pub.; 1995. 207 p. EVALUATION Abbott J, Young A, Haxton R, Van Dyke P. Collaborative care: a professional model that influences job satisfaction. Nurs Econ 1994 May-Jun;12(3):167-9, 174. Acord Szczesny J. Computer tracking of critical path variations. Inside Case Manag 1994 May;1(2):1-3. Algorithms boost critical pathways' effectiveness. QI TQM 1995 Aug;5(8):94-7. Armbruster TD. The relationship between critical pathways and patient outcomes on total knee replacement patients [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): Bellarmine College; 1993. 76 p. Blegen MA, Reiter RC, Goode CJ, Murphy RR. Outcomes of hospital-based managed care: a multivariate analysis of cost and quality. Obstet Gynecol 1995 Nov;86(5):809-14. Borland C, Yorke G, Davies S, Wells Johnson P. A collaborative care planning and audit experience on myocardial infarction. J Assoc Qual Healthc 1995 Spring;2(4):115-20. Bowen J, Yaste C. Effect of a stroke protocol on hospital costs of stroke patients. Neurology 1994 Oct;44(10):1961-4. Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ, Raviola CA, Musser DJ, DeLaurentis DA. Impact of clinical pathways on hospital costs and early outcome after major vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 1995 Dec;22(6): 649-57; discussion 657-60. Catherwood E, O'Rourke DJ. Critical pathway management of unstable angina. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994 Nov-Dec;37(3):121-48. Chenger PL, Erickson S. The cost effectiveness of coordinated care: how managed care and case management impact healthcare delivery. Tenn Nurse 1993 Summer;56(2):12-3. Collier PE. Are one-day admissions for carotid endarterectomy feasible? Am J Surg 1995 Aug; 170(2):140-3. Comried LA. Cost analysis: initiation of HBMC and first CareMap . Nurs Econ 1996 Jan-Feb;14(1): 34-9. Counsell CM, Guin PR, Limbaugh B. Coordinated care for the neuroscience patient: future directions. J Neurosci Nurs 1994 Aug;26(4):245-50. Four-level analysis isolates data for clinical-financial treatment pathways. Physician Manag 1995 Mar 17;6(6):1-2. Generic critical path for home care patients covers multiple diagnoses. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jan; 2(1):9-12. George EL, Large AA. Reducing length of stay in patients undergoing open heart surgery: the University of Pittsburgh experience. AACN Clin Issues 1995 Aug;6(3):482-8. Giffin M, Giffin RB. Critical pathways produce tangible results. Health Care Strateg Manag 1994 Jul;12(7): 1, 17-23. Goode CJ. Evaluation of patient and staff outcomes with hospital-based managed care [dissertation]. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa; 1993. 259 p. Goode CJ. Impact of a CareMap and case management on patient satisfaction and staff satisfaction, collaboration, and autonomy. Nurs Econ 1995 Nov-Dec;13(6):337-48, 361. Gooldy J, Duncan B. Home care's role in clinical pathways. J Home Health Care Pract 1994 Feb; 6(2):63-9. Hassan SF. The effect of "clinical pathways" on hospital costs and patients' length of stay: a systems approach to healthcare optimization [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville; 1992. 115 p. Hofmann PA. Critical path method: an important tool for coordinating clinical care. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1993 Jul;19(7):235-46. Hopkins EM, Schendel SA. Critical pathway use: outcome analysis in team care efficacy. Paper presented at: 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association; 1995 Apr 24-29; Tampa, FL. Abstract available from: American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, Pittsburgh, PA. Hunter JC. Commentary on: Critical pathways in oncology: balancing the interests of hospitals and the physician [original article by Katterhagen G et al appears in J ONCOL Manag 1993;2(4):206]. ONS Nurs Scan Oncol 1994 Jan-Feb;3(1):22. Interim automation solutions to variance analysis. Three hospitals share what's working for them. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):9-10. Issues in evaluating a clinical pathway program. A biostatistician and project leader share their experiences. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1): 9-11. Keep focus on the big picture when tackling variance analysis. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Aug;1(8):150-2. Knutson SA. Critical paths: an evaluation of patient outcomes [masters thesis]. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona; 1990. 72 p. Koch MO. Cost-efficient radical prostatectomy. Semin Urol Oncol 1995 Aug;13(3):197-203. Koch MO, Smith JA Jr, Hodge EM, Brandell RA. Prospective development of a cost-efficient program for radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 1994 Sep;44(3):311-8. Magyar DL. Effects of critical pathways on patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of fractured hip [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): Bellarmine College; 1994. 73 p. Marion CD. Development & evaluation of a multidisciplinary clinical pathway to manage sepsis, reduce cost, and maintain quality patient outcomes [abstract]. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Mar; 22(2):397. Abstract no. 205. Measuring patient satisfaction with a new healthcare model. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1):1-2. Measuring performance of case managers. Two models-- two perspectives. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug; 1(4):6-7. Michel J. Home health clinical paths produce functional outcome data. Inside Case Manag 1995 Feb;1(11): 5-7. Mount Clemens General Hospital (Clinton Township, MI). Exhibit 2. Mount Clemens General Hospital critical path: variance reports. Inside Case Manag 1994 Apr;1(1):[2 p. insert]. NC hospital begins its first outcomes project. Requires commitment, clerical help, and software. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):10-2. Neidig JR, Megel ME, Koehler KM. The critical path: an evaluation of the applicability of nursing case management in the NICU. Neonatal Netw 1992 Aug;11(5):45-52. Nolin C. An analysis of the use and effect of CareMap tools in medical malpractice litigation. South Natick (MA): Center for Case Managment; 1994. 40 p. Odderson IR, Keaton JC, McKenna BS. Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: quality is cost effective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995 Dec;76(12):1130-3. Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Botsford DJ, Hawker RW. Elderly patients with hip fractures: improved outcome with the use of care maps with high-quality medical and nursing protocols. J Orthop Trauma 1993;7(5): 428-37. PA hospital computerizes variance analysis system, aids pathway team. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1): 1-4. Paton R. Fulfilling the commitment to improve patient care? Assessment of the effect of the Patient's Charter in a community hospital. Prof Nurse 1993 Nov;9(2):130, 132, 134. Patton MD, Schaerf R. Thoracotomy, critical pathway, and clinical outcomes. Cancer Pract 1995 Sep-Oct; 3(5):286-94. Pearson C, McGough A. Benefits of multidisciplinary audit in the care of stroke patients. J Assoc Qual Healthc 1994 Spring;1(2):42-5. Pearson SD, Goulart-Fisher D, Lee TH. Critical pathways as a strategy for improving care: problems and potential. Ann Intern Med 1995 Dec 15;123(12):941-8. Polston JR. Effects of critical paths on patients hospitalized for total hip replacement [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): Bellarmine College; 1991. 78 p. Rossiter D, Thompson AJ. Introduction of integrated care pathways for patients with multiple sclerosis in an inpatient neurorehabilitation setting. Disabil Rehabil 1995 Nov-Dec;17(8):443-8. Shikiar MS, Warner P. Selecting financial indices to measure critical path outcomes. Nurs Manag 1994 Sep;25(9):58-60. Some sources for guidelines and outcomes measures. Mapping care requires a variety of supportive information. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3): 4-6. Spath PL. To sample or not to sample. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Aug;3(8):128-30. Sperry S, Birdsall C. Outcomes of a pneumonia critical path. Nurs Econ 1994 Nov-Dec;12(6):332-9, 345. Stroke path calls for care when evaluating variances. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):176-7. Strong AG, Sneed NV. Clinical evaluation of a critical path for coronary artery bypass surgery patients. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1991 Jan-Mar;6(1):29-37. Tallis G, Balla JI. Critical path analysis for the management of fractured neck of femur. Aust J Public Health 1995 Apr;19(2):155-9. Turley K, Tyndall M, Roge C, Cooper M, Turley K, Applebaum M, Tarnoff H. Critical pathway methodology: effectiveness in congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1994 Jul;58(1):57-63; discussion 63-5. Van Buskirk MC, Vanderbilt D. Evaluating patient care by the use of a diabetic ketoacidosis CAREMAP in an intensive care unit setting. J Nurs Care Qual 1995 Apr;9(3):59-68. Vorhees-Thielen NL. Impact of a clinical pathway on hospital length of stay and charges among coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients [masters thesis]. Spokane (WA): Gonzaga University; 1994. 57 p. Wall D, Joseph E. Analyzing critical pathways with statistics. Qual Manag Update 1993 Jun;3:8-10. Weilitz PB, Potter PA. A managed care system. Financial and clinical evaluation. J Nurs Adm 1993 Nov;23(11):51-7. The wilderness of variance analysis. Survey shows similarity of struggles. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):11-2. Windle PE. Critical pathways: an integrated documentation tool. Nurs Manag 1994 Sep;25(9): 80F-80L, 80P. Zander K. Quantifying, managing, and improving quality. Part III. Using variance concurrently... CareMap tools. New Defin 1992 Fall;7(4):1-4. SPECIFIC CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Ambulatory Care Ambulatory case management saves HMO $8 million. Questionnaires and histories identify at-risk patients. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):6-7. Burns JM, Tierney DK, Long GD, Lambert SC, Carr BE. Critical pathway for administering high-dose chemotherapy followed by peripheral blood stem rescue in the outpatient setting. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Sep;22(8):1219-24. Campbell PA, Runner-Heidt CM. A collaborative approach to home OKT3 infusion therapy. J Nurs Adm 1993 Nov;23(11):63-6. Cataract CareMap reduces charges by 50 per cent. The value of outpatient maps is the developmental process. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):4-5. Catherwood E, O'Rourke DJ. Critical pathway management of unstable angina. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994 Nov-Dec;37(3):121-48. Claussen DW, Pickering P. A clinical pathway for endoscopy. Gastroenterol Nurs 1995 Sep-Oct;18(5): 182-5. Critical paths for common DRGs. Atlanta (GA): American Health Cosultants; 1993. 23 p. Critical pathways... ORs streamline patient care, control resource utilization. OR Manag 1994 Jul; 10(7):1, 6-7. Czaplijski TJ. Critical pathways: broad implementation in an ambulatory service division. Outreach 1994 Mar-Apr;15(2):4-5. Daughtery J. LOS reduced one hour with critical pathways. Same Day Surg 1992 Oct;16(10):150-3. Fowler ME. Commentary on: The Nursing Case Managment Computerized System: meeting the challenge of health care delivery through technology [original article by DiJerome L appears in Comput Nurs 1992;10(6):250-8]. ONS Nurs Scan Oncol 1993 May-Jun;2(3):19. Geeze MA. Pediatric outpatient upper endoscopy: perioperative case management. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):27-39. Gibson SJ, Thomas L, Burnette J. A typical pathway sends mastectomy patients home early. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jul;2(7):117-20. Grudich G. The critical path system: the road toward an efficient OR. AORN J 1991 Mar;53(3):705-6, 708-9, 711-2 passim. Holle ML, Rick C, Sliefert MK, Stephens K. Integrated patient care delivery. J Nurs Adm 1995 Jul-Aug; 15(7-8):32-7. Hospital helps the community help itself. Promoting wellness and preparing for capitation. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):13-4. Hospital laser center institutes critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1994 May;2(5):83-5. Howard P, Johanns D. Forging new partnerships: case management in radiology. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1995 Feb;10(5):1-3. Howe RS, ed. Clinical pathways for ambulatory care case management. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; forthcoming 1996. Hunter JC. Commentary on Critical pathways in oncology: balancing the interests of hospitals and the physician [original article by Katterhagen G et al appears in J ONCOL Manag 1993;2(4):206]. ONS Nurs Scan Oncol 1994 Jan-Feb;3(1):22. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Kibbe DC, Bentz E, McLaughlin CP. Continuous quality improvement for continuity of care. J Fam Pract 1993 Mar;36(3):304-8. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Lauffer D. Integrated preadmission services and case management: the foundation for achievable patient outcomes in a hospital-based ambulatory surgery setting. Semin Perioper Nurs 1992 Jul;1(3):136-41. London J. On the right path: collaborative case management makes nurses partners in the care planning process. Health Prog 1993 Jun;74(5):36-8. MacKenzie M, Waterman M. Utilization of a clinical pathway in the care of the ambulatory cataract surgical patient. Insight 1995 Jun;20(2):6-11. Mapping care in hours and minutes. Outpatient perspective. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2): 36-8. Nelson SP. Critical pathways at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995 May 15;52(10):1058-60. Palmer JS, Worwag EM, Conrad WG, Blitz BF, Chodak GW. Same day surgery for radical retropubic prostatectomyL is it an attainable goal? Urology 1996 Jan;47(1):23-8. Pathway developed for HIV/AIDS outpatients. Inside Ambul Care 1994 Aug;1(5):4-5. Patterson P. Critical pathways: hospital shortens cataract stays, boosts satisfaction. OR Manag 1994 Aug;10(8):19. Patterson P. Critical pathways... care paths cut length of stay, reduce charges. OR Manag 1994 Jul; 10(7):12. Patterson P. Critical pathways... perioperative case managers redesign processes. OR Manag 1994 Jul;10(7):8-10. Providers tackle case pathways beyond the hospital walls. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Sep;1(9):158-60, 165-6. Rehab programs turn to case management models to improve quality, reduce LOS... length of stay. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jan;2(1):1-6. Reorganizing case management for the continuum. Product line program undergoes major changes. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):13-4. A report on case management in HMO's. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):8. Reusable chronic pain path accounts for multiple patient visits. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Sep;2(9):151-4. Schmitz M, Edwards B. Clinical pathway for outpatient high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral stem cell rescue (APSCR) [abstract]. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Mar;22(2):398. Abstract no. 206. A sequential approach to path development. Clin Laser Mon 1994 May;12(5):72. Simkin B. Transitional pathway encompasses outpatient settings. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):9-12. Taylor P, Peterson S, Crawford P, Williams A. Hospital reduces length of stay with adult asthma critical path. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Mar;2(3):43-6. Cardiovascular Care AACN national study reports important critical pathways findings. AACN News 1995 Jul:5. Algorithms boost critical pathways' effectiveness. QI TQM 1995 Aug;5(8):94-7. Allen HD, Davis JT. Standardizing care delivery for infants and children with common congenital cardiac lesions. Curr Opin Pediatr 1995 Oct;7(5): 601-5. Anderson RP, Guyton SW, Paull DL, Tidwell SL. Selection of patients for same-day coronary bypass operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993 Mar; 105(3):444-51; discussion 451-2. Andersson S. ScrippsHealth: quality planning for clinical processes of care. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1993 Jun;5(5):2-4. Ayestas AL, Diaz E, Kirtland S. Clinical pathways: improving patient education and influencing readmission rates. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec; 17(6):17-25, 47. Balesky JR, Provenzano LM. Collaborative development of a clinical pathway for congestive heart failure. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6): 30-9. Barnes RV, Lawton L, Briggs D. Clinical benchmarking improves clinical paths: experience with coronary artery bypass grafting. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 May;20(5):267-76. Booth RE Jr. Critical care pathways in thromboembolic disease. Orthopedics 1995 Jul;18 Suppl:6-9. Borland C, Yorke G, Davies S, Wells Johnson P. A collaborative care planning and audit experience on myocardial infarction. J Assoc Qual Healthc 1995 Spring;2(4):115-20. Boutron KA, King J, Matula P, Niznik CH. Clinical path coordinator: pulling it all together. J Vasc Nurs 1995 Jun;13(2):50-4. Brockopp DY, Porter M, Kinnaird S, Silberman S. Fiscal and clinical evaluation of patient care: a case management model for the future. J Nurs Adm 1992 Sep;22(9):23-7. Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ, Raviola CA, Musser DJ, DeLaurentis DA. Impact of clinical pathways on hospital costs and early outcome after major vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 1995 Dec;22(6): 649-57; discussion 657-60. Campbell AB, Lakier NS. Process intervention-applying TQM to clinical care. Healthc Forum J 1992 Jul-Aug;35(4):81-3. Catherwood E, O'Rourke DJ. Critical pathway management of unstable angina. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994 Nov-Dec;37(3):121-48. Chase CR. Development of a case management plan for aortoiliac bypass graft surgery patients. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):16-21. Clark RE. The STS Cardiac Surgery National Database: an update. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 Jun;59(6): 1376-80; discussion 1380-1. Coen SD, Silverman E. Peripheral intra arterial thrombolytic therapy for acute arterial occlusion. Crit Care Nurse 1994 Oct;14(5):23-9. Cohen EL, Cesta TG. Nursing case management: from concept to evaluation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. Appendix 4, St. Michael Hospital, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, uncomplicated MI critical path; p. 226-32. Collaboration and trust save four hospitals $896,000 on CABG patients. Hosp Case Manag 1994 May;2(5): 73-5. Collaborative CM guides creation of Chest Pain Service. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Mar;1(3):45-6, 48. Collier PE. Are one-day admissions for carotid endarterectomy feasible? Am J Surg 1995 Aug; 170(2):140-3. Collier PE, Friend SZ, Gentile C, Ruckert D, Vescio L, Collier NA. Carotid endarterectomy clinical pathway: an innovative approach. Am J Med Qual 1995 Spring;10(1):38-47. Coronary artery disease bypass graft critical path. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Feb;3(2 Suppl):[2 p.]. Critical path leads to change in cardiac cath patient care. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2):29, 32-33. Crummer MB, Carter V. Critical pathways: the pivotal tool. J Cardiovasc Nurs 1993 Jul;7(4):30-7. Davis JT, Allen HD, Felver K, Rummell HM, Powers JD, Cohen DM. Clinical pathways can be based on acuity, not diagnosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 May; 59(5):1074-8. Doty WD, Curry CR Jr, Goellner W, Holman KI, Rodenburg H, Rogers EW, Wasserman F 3rd. Action by physicians and other health-care professionals in hospital emergency departments. J Fla Med Assoc 1995 Feb;82(2):108-42. Ecklund MM. Optimizing the flow of care for prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. AACN Clin Issues 1995 Nov;6(4):588-601; quiz 680-2. Evers C, Odom S, Latulip-Gardner J, Paul S. Developing a critical path for orientation. Am J Crit Care 1994 May;3(3):217-23. Frantz A. The cardiac care step-down unit at home. Caring 1994 Oct;13(10):42-8, 51. George EL, Large AA. Reducing length of stay in patients undergoing open heart surgery: the University of Pittsburgh experience. AACN Clin Issues 1995 Aug;6(3):482-8. Gibbs BF, Guzzetta VJ, Furmanski D. Cost-effective carotid endarterectomy in community practice. Ann Vasc Surg 1995 Sep;9(5):423-7. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Goodwin DR. Critical pathways in home healthcare. J Nurs Adm 1992 Feb;22(2):35-40. Grant PH, Campbell LL, Gautney LJ. Implementing case management and developing clinical pathways. J Healthc Qual 1995 Nov-Dec;17(6):10-6. Hassan SF. The effect of "clinical pathways" on hospital costs and patients' length of stay: a systems approach to healthcare optimization [masters thesis]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville; 1992. 115 p. Hofmann P. A critical path for congestive heart failure. They said it couldn't be done! Inside Case Manag 1994 Apr;1(1):5-7. Hofmann PA. Critical path method: an important tool for coordinating clinical care. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1993 Jul;19(7):235-46. Hospitals and business coalition join in cardiac care partnership project. New Defin 1992 Summer; 7(3):3. Hyde K, Kiser L. CHF pathways cuts annual pharmacy costs and per case LOS. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jun;2(6):97-100. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Improved assessment sends fewer chest pain patients to CCU. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Oct;2(10):167-70. Johnson S. Pathway to the heart of care quality. Nurs (Harrow) 1995 Jan;1(8):26-7. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Linking maps to supplies save hospital a bundle. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):1-3. Mahn VA. Clinical nurse case management: a service line approach. Nurs Manag 1993 Sep;24(9):48-50. McCoy ML. Additional suggestion for chest pain critical pathway [letter]. J Emerg Nurs 1993 Dec; 19(6):479. Montague T, Taylor L, Martin S, Barnes M, Ackman M, Tsuyuki R, Wensel R, Williams R, Catellier D, Teo K. Can practice patterns and outcomes be successfully altered? Examples from cardiovascular medicine. The Clinical Quality Improvement Network (CQIN) Investigators. Can J Cardiol 1995 Jun;11(6):487-92. Montague TJ, Wong RY, Burton JR, Bay KS, Catellier DJ, Teo KK. Changes in acute myocardial infarction risk and patterns of practice for patients older and younger than 70 years, 1987-90. Can J Cardiol 1992 Jul-Aug;8(6):596-600. Mount Clemens General Hospital (Clinton Township, MI). Exhibit 1. Mount Clemens General Hospital critical path: congestive heart failure. Inside Case Manag 1994 Apr;1(1):[2 p. insert]. Musser K, Hendrickson ML. Universal demands don't hinder development of CM. Hosp Case Manag 1995 May;3(5):82-4. Nichol G, Goldman L, Johnson PA, Lee TH. Potential impact of a critical pathway for management of patients with acute chest pain [abstract]. J Gen Intern Med 1995 Apr;10(4 Suppl):75. Nugent WC, Niles NW 2nd, Schults W, Plume SK, Wolf BH, Tarbox GH, Robb JF, Nelson EC. Increasing the value of cardiac care: the Dartmouth approach. Qual Lett Healthc Lead 1994 Jul-Aug;6(6):53-7. Nugent WC, Schults WC. Playing by the numbers: how collecting outcomes data changed by life. Ann Thorac Surg 1994 Dec;58(6):1866-70. Oetker D, Cole C. Improving the outcome of emergency department patients with a chief complaint of chest pain. J Nurs Care Qual 1996 Jan;10(2):58-74. Palarski V, Washburn S. Overcoming LVD in cardiac rehab... left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Nurs 1992 Sep;92(9):52-7. Path for thromboembolism balances utilization and QM concerns. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Nov;2(11):183, 186. Pathway for MI patients looks to discharge on Day 1. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Mar;3(3):43, 46. Pathways as a complete documentation system. It makes all the difference! Issues Outcome 1995 Nov-Dec; 1(6):4-6. Pearson SD, Polak JL, Cartwright S, McCabe-Hassan S, Lee TH, Goldhaber SZ. A critical pathway to evaluate suspected deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1995 Sep 11;155(16):1773-8. Pushing the envelope with spiritual care paths. Cardiac service pastor has developed a spiritual timeline to help open heart patients toward recovery. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):3-4. Redick EL, Nottage MP. The critical pathway to outcomes research. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1995 Jan;10(4):6-7. Redick EL, Stroud AR, Kurack TB. Expanding the use of critical pathways in critical care. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1994 Nov-Dec;13(6):316-21; quiz 322. Reinhart SI. Uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction: a critical path. Cardiovasc Nurs 1995 Jan-Feb; 31(1):1-7. Robinson JA, Robinson KJ, Lewis DJ. Balancing quality of care and cost effectiveness through case management. ANNA J 1992 Apr;19(2):182-8. Rudisill PT, Phillips M, Payne CM. Clinical paths for cardiac surgery patients: a multidisciplinary approach to quality improvement outcomes. J Nurs Care Qual 1994 Apr;8(3):27-33. Saltiel E. Critical pathway experience at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995 May 15;52(10):1063-8. Schriefer J. The synergy of pathways and algorithms: two tools work better than one. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 Sep;20(9):485-99. Schriefer J, Leff E, Barber S. Tools for handling capitation, case management, pathways, and algorithms. Inside Case Manag 1995 Aug;2(5):1-4. Shulkin DJ, Ferniany W. The effect of developing patient compendiums for critical pathways on patient satisfaction [abstract]. J Gen Intern Med 1995 Apr;10(4 Suppl):81. Spath PL. How to manage your outcomes more effectively. Hosp Peer Rev 1995 Aug;20(8):120-4. Spath PL, ed. Clinical paths: tools for outcomes management. Chicago: American Hospital Publishing; 1994. 265 p. Sperry S. Opportunities and challenges: strategies for implementing multidisciplinary documentation forms. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec Jun;9(9):1, 3-4, special insert [2p]. Strong AG, Sneed NV. Clinical evaluation of a critical path for coronary artery bypass surgery patients. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1991 Jan-Mar;6(1):29-37. Teaching path balances LOS, education needs for MI. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):171, 174. Tidwell SL. A graphic tool for tracking variance & comorbidities in cardiac surgery case management. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1993 Fall;8(2):6-19. Turley KM, Higgins SS, Archer-Duste H, Cafferty P. Role of the clinical nurse coordinator in successful implementation of critical pathways in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1995 Winter;10(1):22-6. Turley K, Tyndall M, Roge C, Cooper M, Turley K, Applebaum M, Tarnoff H. Critical pathway methodology: effectiveness in congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1994 Jul;58(1):57-63; discussion 63-5. Turley K, Tyndall M, Turley K, Woo D, Mohr T. Radical outcome method. A new approach to critical pathways in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1995 Nov 1;92(9 Suppl):II245-9. Van Tassel M, DeSantis S. Tackling hospital costs and delays. Nurs Manag 1995 Mar;26(3):24-8. Villaire M. Jill Ley: putting critical pathways on the map. Crit Care Nurse 1995 Jun;15(3):106-13. Vorhees-Thielen NL. Impact of a clinical pathway on hospital length of stay and charges among coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients [masters thesis]. Spokane (WA): Gonzaga University; 1994. 57 p. The wilderness of variance analysis. Survey shows similarity of struggles. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):11-2. Willingness to change characterizes busy surgeon. Revascularization pathways save $2,000 and two days per patient. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec; 1(6):9-10. Year-long CHF pathway reduces readmissions. MN clinic picks up where hospital pathway ends. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):11-3. Young-McCaughan S. Care path and CPR mannequin have new roles in early discharge teaching. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Jan-Feb;22(1):149-50. Zander K, ed. Managing outcomes through collaborative care: the application of CareMapping and case management. Chicago: American Hospital Pub.; 1995. 207 p. Critical and Emergency Care General critical care AACN national study reports important critical pathways findings. AACN News 1995 Jul:5. Danish A. Critical care pathways: the basics of development and implementation. Continuum 1995 Mar-Apr;15(2):1, 3-8. From nurse retention to strategic goal. Ohio case management program evolves over 6 years. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):15. Gray BB. What heals? What do nurses do that makes a difference? Crit Care Nurse 1995 Jun;15(3 Suppl): 3-16. Improved assessment sends fewer chest pain patients to CCU. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Oct;2(10):167-70. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Osguthorpe SG. Collaborative practice. In: Birdsall C, ed. Managment issues in critical care. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1991. p. 83-96. Pathway helps ICU staff better manage ventilator patients. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Nov;1(11):195-8. Redick EL, Kurack TB. Marketing critical pathways in critical care. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1994 Nov-Dec;13(6):323-4. Redick EL, Stroud AR, Kurack TB. Expanding the use of critical pathways in critical care. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1994 Nov-Dec;13(6):316-21; quiz 322. Roche J, Lawrence D. Developing a critical path for clinical paths. QRC Advis 1993 Nov;10(1):10-2. Simmons FM. Developing the trauma nurse case manager role. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1992 May-Jun;11(3):164-70. Thompson DG. Critical pathways: good idea, right reason? Crit Care Nurse 1994 Dec;14(6):112. TN hospital includes advance directive choices on critical path. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jan;1(1):3,6. Van Buskirk MC, Vanderbilt D. Evaluating patient care by the use of a diabetic ketoacidosis CAREMAP in an intensive care unit setting. J Nurs Care Qual 1995 Apr;9(3):59-68. Neonatal intensive care Adray C, Dickson M, Pitzen K, Thacker C, Thompson D, Whitiker B. Creating a neonatal critical pathway. Neonat Intensive Care 1995 Jul-Aug;8(4):32-4. Elizondo AP. Nursing case management in the neonatal intensive care unit. Part 1: Pioneering new territory. Neonatal Netw 1994 Dec;13(8):9-12. Lawlor-Klean P, Swanson SC. Network's pathway provides smoother neonatal transport. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Feb;3(2):27-30. Neidig JR, Megel ME, Koehler KM. The critical path: an evaluation of the applicability of nursing case management in the NICU. Neonatal Netw 1992 Aug;11(5):45-52. Neonatal paths can be effective, despite patient unpredictability. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jul;2(7): 124-7. Thompson DF, Maringer M. Using case management to improve care delivery in NICU. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 1995 Sep-Oct;20(5):257-60. Thompson DG. Critical pathways in the intensive care & intermediate care nurseries. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 1994 Jan-Feb;19(1):29-32. General emergency care Base P. Examples of critical paths for use in the emergency department [letter]. J Emerg Nurs 1994 Jun;20(3):174-5. Critical paths can speed your ED patient flow, cut number of unnecessary tests. ED Manag 1994 Sep; 6(9):121-5. DeWoody S, Price J. A systems approach to multidimensional critical paths. Nurs Manag 1994 Nov;25(11):47-51. Don't reinvent the wheel! Customize established protocols. ED Manag 1994 Jun;6(6):90-2. Doty WD, Curry CR Jr, Goellner W, Holman KI, Rodenburg H, Rogers EW, Wasserman F 3rd. Action by physicians and other health-care professionals in hospital emergency departments. J Fla Med Assoc 1995 Feb;82(2):108-42. Eastes LE. Toward continuous quality improvement in trauma care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1994 Sep;6(3):451-61. Emergency department pathways slash LOS and testing costs. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jul;2(7):112-6. Examples of critical paths for use in the emergency department. ED Manag 1994 Sep;6(9 Suppl):[2 p. insert]. Developed by Paula Base, Case Manag, Medical Review, Inc., Louisville, KY. The fast path. Case management enters the emergency department. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Nov;1(11): 200-1, 204. Health care reform provides the setting for growth of observation units. ED Manag 1994 Feb;6(2): 17-24. Health One Unity Hospital (Fridley, MN). Sample segment of pathway: emergency department - anticipated recovery path (chief complaint: asthma). ED Manag 1994 Sep;6(9 Suppl):[1 p. insert]. Integrated paths for DKA from the ED through inpatient care... diabetic ketoacidosis. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Feb;2(2):27-30. Knudtson DJ, Tobiasz R. Practice guidelines: salvation for the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 1994 Dec;20(6):450. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Latini EE, Foote W. Obtaining consistent quality patient care for the trauma patient by using a critical pathway. Crit Care Nurs Q 1992 Nov;15(3):51-5. Lawlor-Klean P, Swanson SC. Network's pathway provides smoother neonatal transport. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Feb;3(2):27-30. McCoy ML. Additional suggestion for chest pain critical pathway [letter]. J Emerg Nurs 1993 Dec; 19(6):479. Misinski M, Thompson GK, Talley JA, Lucich S, Johnson R. Model for trauma outcomes management in patients with multiple trauma. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1993 Dec;5(4):741-55. Nelson MS. Critical pathways in the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 1993 Apr;19(2):110-4. Nichol G, Goldman L, Johnson PA, Lee TH. Potential impact of a critical pathway for management of patients with acute chest pain [abstract]. J Gen Intern Med 1995 Apr;10(4 Suppl):75. Oetker D, Cole C. Improving the outcome of emergency department patients with a chief complaint of chest pain. J Nurs Care Qual 1996 Jan;10(2):58-74. Pearson SD, Polak JL, Cartwright S, McCabe-Hassan S, Lee TH, Goldhaber SZ. A critical pathway to evaluate suspected deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1995 Sep 11;155(16):1773-8. Pins CL, Swanson ME. A suburban community emergency department's adaptation of case management. J Emerg Nurs 1993 Dec;19(6):503-9. Simmons FM. Developing the trauma nurse case manager role. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1992 May-Jun;11(3):164-70. Spath PL. How to manage your outcomes more effectively. Hosp Peer Rev 1995 Aug;20(8):120-4. St. Rita's Medical Center (Lima, OH). Documentation of occupational injuries in the ED. ED Manag 1994 Sep;6(9 Suppl):[7 p.]. Time invested developing ED critical paths reaps returns. ED Manag 1994 Sep;6(9):125-7. Trauma centers' critical paths. Washington: Health Care Advisory Board; 1991 Nov. 5 p. Veenema TG. The ten most frequently asked questions about case management in the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 1994 Aug;20(4):289-92. Von Rotz NP, Yates JR, Schare BL. Application of the case management model to a trauma patient. Clin Nurse Spec 1994 Jul;8(4):180-6. Yetter D. Critical pathways in the emergency department. Nurs Manag 1995 Nov;26(11):60. Burn care Baxter CR. Critical pathways in research. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):218. Baxter CR. Foreword: comments on critical pathways. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr; 16(2 Pt 2):189. Cornwell P. Contrasting designs of critical pathways. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 May-Jun;16(3 Pt 1): 295-304; discussion 294. Cornwell P. Designing tools for pathway implementation and evaluation. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):202-8. Cornwell P. Utilizing critical pathways to facilitate continued quality improvement. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):212-4. Gordon M. Steps to pathway development. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):197-202. Gordon M, Greenfield E, Marvin J. Critical Pathways Integrated into Burn Care... San Antonio, Texas, November 6-7, 1994. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):189-218. Gordon M, Greenfield E, Marvin J. Introduction... Critical pathways integrated into burn care. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):190-1. Greenfield E. Critical pathways: what they are and what they are not. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr; 16(2 Pt 2):196-7. Kealey GP, Burger M. Utilization of critical pathways to facilitate clinical care. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):214-6. Korpiel MR. Issues related to clinical pathways: managed care, implementation, and liability. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2):191-5. Marvin JA. Utilization of critical pathways in education. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995 Mar-Apr;16(2 Pt 2): 216-8. Rieg LS, Jenkins M. Burn injuries in children. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1991 Sep;3(3):457-70. Dermatological and Wound Care Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Mosher CM. Putting pressure ulcers on the map. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1995 Jul;22(4): 183-6. Tallon R. Critical paths for wound care. Adv Wound Care 1995 Jan-Feb;8(1):26, 28-34. Endocrine Disorders and Care Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Integrated paths for DKA from the ED through inpatient care... diabetic ketoacidosis. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Feb;2(2):27-30. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Long Island College Hospital (Brooklyn, NY). Critical pathway: uncontrolled diabetes and patient assessment/action flow record. Inside Case Manag 1995 Jan;1(10):[4 p. insert]. Pratt B, Robinson S, Chittenden S, Warner L, Worrell C. Developing a multi-disciplinary critical pathway for radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer [abstract]. Nucl Med Commun 1993 Apr;14(4):286. Abstract no. 110. Price AG, McDaniel JL. Critical pathway. An effective way to manage care of the insulin-dependent diabetic. Caring 1995 Feb;14(2):24-7. Smith Rooker JL, Garrett A, Hodges LC. Case management of the patient with pituitary tumor. Medsurg Nurs 1993 Aug;2(4):265-74. Van Buskirk MC, Vanderbilt D. Evaluating patient care by the use of a diabetic ketoacidosis CAREMAP in an intensive care unit setting. J Nurs Care Qual 1995 Apr;9(3):59-68. Gastrointestinal Care Benning CR, Smith A. Psychosocial needs of family members of liver transplant patients. Clin Nurse Spec 1994 Sep;8(5):280-8. Claussen DW, Pickering P. A clinical pathway for endoscopy. Gastroenterol Nurs 1995 Sep-Oct; 18(5):182-5. Geeze MA. Pediatric outpatient upper endoscopy: perioperative case management. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):27-39. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Miller J, Newton V, Havercroft J. Nursing patients through "pathways of care." Prof Nurse 1995 Sep; 10(12):759-62. Physician-Directed Diagnostic and Therapeutic Plans: MD's guide critical path for GI non-variceal bleeding. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Mar;1(3):49, 52. Royer K. A case management experience with cholecystectomy. Semin Periop Nurs 1994 Jan; 3(1):3-12. Spath PL, ed. Clinical paths: tools for outcomes management. Chicago: American Hospital Publishing; 1994. 265 p. Geriatric Care Ambulatory case management saves HMO $8 million. Questionnaires and histories identify at-risk patients. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):6-7. Bowen J, Yaste C. Effect of a stroke protocol on hospital costs of stroke patients. Neurology 1994 Oct;44(10):1961-4. Bultema JK, Mailliard L, Getzfrid MK, Lerner RD, Colone M. Geriatric patients with depression. Improving outcomes using a multidisciplinary clinical path model. J Nurs Adm 1996 Jan;26(1): 31-8. Community-wide stroke pathway unites caregivers. Asheville, NC provider council begins to create seamless care. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun; 1(3):11-3. A controlled study of community-based case management. CO hospital saves $93,000 on care of 27 chronically ill elderly. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):14. A critical question approach to geriatric CM in the hospital. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jun;2(6):103-7. Cyr JJ, Peppler C. A comprehensive community-based model of psychogeriatric care. Perspectives 1995 Spring;19(1):14-9. Ebert J. Setting the course for critical pathways. Contin Care 1994 Mar;13(2):24-5, 28. Esler R, Bentz P, Sorensen M, Van Orsow T. Patient centered pneumonia care: a case management success story. Am J Nurs 1994 Nov;94(11):34-8. Falconer JA, Roth EJ, Sutin JA, Strasser DC, Chang RW. The critical path method in stroke rehabilitation: lessons from an experiment in cost containment and outcome improvement. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 Jan;19(1):8-16. Comment in: QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 May;19(5):142-3. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Goodwin DR. Critical pathways in home healthcare. J Nurs Adm 1992 Feb;22(2):35-40. Greaser T, Kemph R, Burns D. Nursing case management in a rural setting. Kans Nurse 1993 Mar;68(3):3-4. Holmes D, Splaine M, Teresi J, Ory M, Barrett V, Monaco C, Ramirez M. What makes special care special: concept mapping as a definitional tool. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994;8 Suppl 1: S41-53. Homan C. Five hospitals succeed with critical paths for psychiatric inpatients. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Aug;2(8):135-8. Hospital's stroke path proves myth wrong. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):168-9, 175. Hospitals use case management to help the elderly navigate the health care continuum. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Mar;2(3):37-42. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Joseph ED. Critical pathways in geriatric care. Hinsdale (IL): Care Education Group, Inc.; 1994. 121 p. Knapp MT. Subacute care: the definitive guide to hospital-based nursing facilities. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995. Sample critical pathway: fractured hip repair; p. 171-3. Koch MO, Smith JA Jr, Hodge EM, Brandell RA. Prospective development of a cost-efficient program for radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 1994 Sep;44(3):311-8. Montague T, Taylor L, Martin S, Barnes M, Ackman M, Tsuyuki R, Wensel R, Williams R, Catellier D, Teo K. Can practice patterns and outcomes be successfully altered? Examples from cardiovascular medicine. The Clinical Quality Improvement Network (CQIN) Investigators. Can J Cardiol 1995 Jun;11(6):487-92. Mosher CM. Putting pressure ulcers on the map. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1995 Jul;22(4): 183-6. Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Botsford DJ, Hawker RW. Elderly patients with hip fractures: improved outcome with the use of care maps with high-quality medical and nursing protocols. J Orthop Trauma 1993;7(5): 428-37. Pathway promotes smooth hospital-SNF transitions. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Dec;3(12):187-90. Phillips-Harris C, Fanale JE. The acute and long-term care interface. Integrating the continuum. Clin Geriatr Med 1995 Aug;11(3):481-501. Small community hospital show larger facility the way. Case management program is being replicated. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):14-5. Sperry S, Birdsall C. Outcomes of a pneumonia critical path. Nurs Econ 1994 Nov-Dec;12(6):332-9, 345. Subacute geriatric path increases discharges home from hip patients. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Dec;2(12): 207-8, 211. Thomas J, Miller P, Silaj A, King ML. Application of physiotherapy outcome measures to the managed care model. Physiother Can 1994 Fall;46(4):260-5. Trella RS. A multidisciplinary approach to case management of frail, hospitalized older adults. J Nurs Adm 1993 Feb;23(2):20-6. The walls come tumbling down. NH hospital forges ties with community. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb; 1(1):11-3. Home Health Care Adams CE, Biggerstaff N. Reduced resource utilization through standardized outcome-focused care plans. J Nurs Adm 1995 Oct;25(10):43-50. Adams CE, Wilson M. Enhanced quality through outcome-focused standardized care plans. J Nurs Adm 1995 Sep;25(9):27-34. Ambulatory case management saves HMO $8 million. Questionnaires and histories identify at-risk patients. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):6-7. Brown BS, Smith RJ. Creative solutions through utilization management. Leadersh Health Serv 1993 Mar-Apr;2(2):25-9. Campbell PA, Runner-Heidt CM. A collaborative approach to home OKT3 infusion therapy. J Nurs Adm 1993 Nov;23(11):63-6. Case J. Critical pathways: an acute care tool enters the home health care setting. Hosp Home Health 1994;11(1):1-8. Clinical or care paths: an overview. Home Care Nurse News 1995 Apr;2(4):3. Community-wide stroke pathway unites caregivers. Asheville, NC provider council begins to create seamless care. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun; 1(3):11-3. Connolly ML, Russell M, Reyna C. Home care of the prostate cryosurgery patient. Todays OR Nurse 1995 May-Jun;17(3):25-36. Corbett CF, Androwich IM. Critical paths: implications for improving practice. Home Healthc Nurse 1994 Nov-Dec;12(6):27-34. Critical paths looseleaf available. Hosp Home Health 1994 Oct;11(10):135. Critical pathways: plotting new courses. Hosp Home Health 1995 Apr;12(4):57-60. Frantz A. The cardiac care step-down unit at home. Caring 1994 Oct;13(10):42-8, 51. Gartner MB, Twardon CA. Care guidelines: journey through the managed care maze. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1995 May;22(3):118-21. Generic critical path for home care patients covers multiple diagnoses. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jan; 2(1):9-12. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Gogola M. A joint hospital/vendor project brings CQI and point-of-care technology to home care. Comput Nurs 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):143-50. Goodwin DR. Critical pathways in home healthcare. J Nurs Adm 1992 Feb;22(2):35-40. Gooldy J, Duncan B. Home care's role in clinical pathways. J Home Health Care Pract 1994 Feb; 6(2):63-9. Greaser T, Kemph R, Burns D. Nursing case management in a rural setting. Kans Nurse 1993 Mar;68(3):3-4. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Lockhart C, Mandel J, Grossett D, Green D. The paradigm shift: behavioral home care. Caring 1994 Sep;13(9):10-1, 74-6. Marrelli TM, Hilliard LS, eds. Home care and clinical paths: effective care planning across the continuum. St. Louis: Mosby; forthcoming 1996. Michel J. Home health clinical paths produce functional outcome data. Inside Case Manag 1995 Feb;1(11): 5-7. Mosher CM. Putting pressure ulcers on the map. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1995 Jul;22(4): 183-6. New critical pathways expand case management to the home. Hosp Case Manag 1993 May;1(5):99-100. Olsen CA. Building critical pathways for a hospital based home care program. Outreach 1993;14(3): 1-3. Price AG, McDaniel JL. Critical pathway. An effective way to manage care of the insulin-dependent diabetic. Caring 1995 Feb;14(2):24-7. Providers tackle case pathways beyond the hospital walls. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Sep;1(9):158-60, 165-6. Rozell BR, Newman KL. Extending a critical path for patients who are ventilator dependent: nursing case management in the home setting. Home Healthc Nurse 1994 Jul-Aug;12(4):21-5. Staying alive: six years of ups and downs but finally case management process prevails at CT hospital. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun;1(3):14-5. The walls come tumbling down. NH hospital forges ties with community. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb; 1(1):11-3. Infectious Disease Care and Control Andersson S. ScrippsHealth: quality planning for clinical processes of care. Qual Lett Healthc Lead1993 Jun;5(5):2-4. Berkey T. Benchmarking in health care: turning challenges into success. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 May;20(5):277-84. Clare M, Sargent D, Moxley R, Forthman T. Reducing health care delivery costs using clinical paths: a case study on improving hospital profitability. J Health Care Finance 1995 Spring;21(3):48-58. Comfort care path strengthens support for terminally ill. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Sep;3(9):139, 142. Czaplijski TJ. Critical pathways: broad implementation in an ambulatory service division. Outreach 1994 Mar-Apr;15(2):4-5. Del Togno Armanasco V, Wilson AC. HIV pathway progress based on intervals instead of days. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jun;3(6):91, 94. DeMott K. AIDS pathways organize care at Tampa's veterans hospital. Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res 1995 Jul 27;6(15):5-6. DeMott K. International AIDS group promotes pathways and cutting-edge drug therapy. Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res 1995 Jul 27;6(15):6-7. Esler R, Bentz P, Sorensen M, Van Orsow T. Patient centered pneumonia care: a case management success story. Am J Nurs 1994 Nov;94(11):34-8. Fowler ME. Commentary on: The Nursing Case Managment Computerized System: meeting the challenge of health care delivery through technology [original article by DiJerome L appears in Comput Nurs 1992;10(6):250-8]. ONS Nurs Scan Oncol 1993 May-Jun;2(3):19. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Gruendemann BJ. Critical pathways [editorial]. Asepsis 1994 4th Qtr;16(4):1. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Let pathways help solve the HIV puzzle. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jun;3(6):97-8. Marion CD. Development & evaluation of a multidisciplinary clinical pathway to manage sepsis, reduce cost, and maintain quality patient outcomes [abstract]. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Mar; 22(2):397. Abstract no. 205. McGarvey RN, Harper JJ. Pneumonia mortality reduction and quality improvement in a community hospital. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 Apr;19(4): 124-30. Morgan JW, Hofmann P, Butler R. Simple pneumonia: a critical path approach to care. Inside Case Manag 1995 Nov;2(8):1-3. Mount Clemens General Hospital (Clinton Township, MI). Critical pathway: pneumonia. Inside Case Manag 1995 Nov;2(8):[1 p. insert]. Odderson IR, McKenna BS. A model for management of patients with stroke during the acute phase. Outcome and economic implications. Stroke 1993 Dec;24(12):1823-7. Pathway developed for HIV/AIDS outpatients. Inside Ambul Care 1994 Aug;1(5):4-5. Pneumonia pathway gets OK for further LOS reduction. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jul;3(7):107, 110. Ramirez JA. Switch therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995 May-Jun;22(1-2):219-23. Saltiel E. Critical pathway experience at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995 May 15;52(10):1063-8. Spath PL, ed. Clinical paths: tools for outcomes management. Chicago: American Hospital Publishing; 1994. 265 p. Sperry S, Birdsall C. Outcomes of a pneumonia critical path. Nurs Econ 1994 Nov-Dec;12(6):332-9, 345. Long Term Care A controlled study of community-based case management. CO hospital saves $93,000 on care of 27 chronically ill elderly. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):14. Cyr JJ, Peppler C. A comprehensive community-based model of psychogeriatric care. Perspectives 1995 Spring;19(1):14-9. Gartner MB, Twardon CA. Care guidelines: journey through the managed care maze. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1995 May;22(3):118-21. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Graham MJ, Pettus T, Klava S. Subacute care. Critical pathways link services to outcomes. Provider 1995 Sep;21(9):31-2. Holmes D, Splaine M, Teresi J, Ory M, Barrett V, Monaco C, Ramirez M. What makes special care special: concept mapping as a definitional tool. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994;8 Suppl 1: S41-53. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Jospeh ED. Critical pathways in geriatric care. Hinsdale (IL): Care Education Group, Inc.; 1994. 121 p. Kane RL, Kane RA. Long-term care. JAMA 1995 Jun 7;273(21):1690-1. Knapp MT. Subacute care: the definitive guide to hospital-based nursing facilities. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995. Sample critical pathway: fractured hip repair; p. 171-3. Mosher CM. Putting pressure ulcers on the map. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1995 Jul;22(4): 183-6. Pathway promotes smooth hospital-SNF transitions. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Dec;3(12):187-90. Phillips-Harris C, Fanale JE. The acute and long-term care interface. Integrating the continuum. Clin Geriatr Med 1995 Aug;11(3):481-501. Providers tackle case pathways beyond the hospital walls. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Sep;1(9):158-60, 165-6. Small community hospital shows larger facility the way. Case management program is being replicated. Issues Outcomes 1995 Nov-Dec;1(6):14-5. Stahl DA. Critical pathways in subacute care. Nurs Manag 1995 Sep;26(9):16-8. Tallon R. Critical paths for wound care. Adv Wound Care 1995 Jan-Feb;8(1):26, 28-34. The walls come tumbling down. NH hospital forges ties with community. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb; 1(1):11-3. Neurological and Neurosurgical Care Baldry JA, Rossiter D. Introduction of integrated care pathways to a neuro-rehabilitation. Physiotherapy 1995 Aug;81(8):432-4. Bejciy-Spring SM. Nursing case management: application to neuroscience nursing. J Neurosci Nurs 1991 Dec;23(6):390-7. Bejciy-Spring SM, Neutzling E, Newton C. Nursing case management: enhancing interdisciplinary care of the spinal cord injured patient. SCI Nurs 1994 Aug;11(3):70-3. Bowen J, Yaste C. Effect of a stroke protocol on hospital costs of stroke patients. Neurology 1994 Oct;44(10):1961-4. Case managers, clinicians find neurological disorders easy to manage on critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Oct;2(10):161-2, 164-6. Cohen EL, Cesta TG. Nursing case management: from concept to evaluation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. Appendix 3, St. Joseph Medical Center, Wichita, Kansas, Medical Rehabilitation Services, critical pathway/cva; p. 214-25. Examples include nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, case management/social work, recreational/activity therapy, and speech therapy pathways for cerebrovascular accident. Community-wide stroke pathway unites caregivers. Asheville, NC provider council begins to create seamless care. Issues Outcomes 1995 May-Jun; 1(3):11-3. Compton J, Robinson M, O'Hara C. Benchmarking critical pathways--a method for achieving best practice. Aust Health Rev 1995;18(2):101-12. A controlled study of a stroke clinical pathway. Unique format gets superior outcomes. Issues Outcomes 1995 Mar-Apr;1(2):7-8. Counsell CM, Guin PR, Limbaugh B. Coordinated care for the neuroscience patient: future directions. J Neurosci Nurs 1994 Aug;26(4):245-50. Critical paths for common DRGs. Atlanta (GA): American Health Consultants; 1993. 23 p. Falconer JA, Roth EJ, Sutin JA, Strasser DC, Chang RW. The critical path method in stroke rehabilitation: lessons from an experiment in cost containment and outcome improvement. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 Jan;19(1):8-16. Comment in: QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 May;19(5):142-3. Gibbs BF, Guzzetta VJ, Furmanski D. Cost-effective carotid endarterectomy in community practice. Ann Vasc Surg 1995 Sep;9(5):423-7. Gilbert M, Counsell CM. Coordinated care for the SCI patient. SCI Nurs 1995 Aug;12(3):87-9. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Hospital's stroke path proves myth wrong. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Nov;3(11):168-9, 175. Hydo B. Designing an effective clinical pathway for stroke. Am J Nurs 1995 Mar;95(3):44-50; quiz 51. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Ivey MF, Armitstead JA, Sangha KS. Critical pathways at University of Cincinnati Hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995 May 15;52(10):1053-8. Johnson S, Nenov VI, Martin NA, Becker DP. The neurosurgical intensive care unit in an era of health care reform. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1994 Oct;5(4): 829-35. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Luttman RJ. The critical path method alone does nothing to improve performance [letter]. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 May;19(5):142-3. Comment on QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 Jan;19(1): 8-16. Marr JA, Reid B. Implementing managed care and case management: the neuroscience experience. J Neurosci Nurs 1992 Oct;24(5):281-5. Odderson IR, Keaton JC, McKenna BS. Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: quality is cost effective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995 Dec;76(12):1130-3. Odderson IR, McKenna BS. A model for management of patients with stroke during the acute phase. Outcome and economic implications. Stroke 1993 Dec;24(12):1823-7. Pearson C, McGough A. 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Perioperative Care AACN national study reports important critical pathways findings. AACN News 1995 Jul:5. Anderson RP, Guyton SW, Paull DL, Tidwell SL. Selection of patients for same-day coronary bypass operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993 Mar; 105(3):444-51; discussion 451-2. Baptist Hospital (Nashville, TN). Patient care pathway: total hip replacement. Inside Case Manag 1994 Aug;1(5):[4 p. insert]. Barnes RV, Lawton L, Briggs D. Clinical benchmarking improves clinical paths: experience with coronary artery bypass grafting. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1994 May;20(5):267-76. Benning CR, Smith A. Psychosocial needs of family members of liver transplant patients. Clin Nurse Spec 1994 Sep;8(5):280-8. Bohnenkamp SK. Critical paths: an evaluation of selected outcomes in two groups of surgical patients [masters thesis]. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona; 1995. 87 p. Bolinger B, Janicin M. Care maps expedite discharge of patients after surgery. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Jan-Feb;22(1):149. Booth RE Jr. Critical care pathways in thromboembolic disease. Orthopedics 1995 Jul;18 Suppl:6-9. Brown BS, Smith RJ. Creative solutions through utilization management. Leadersh Health Serv 1993 Mar-Apr;2(2):25-9. Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ, Raviola CA, Musser DJ, DeLaurentis DA. Impact of clinical pathways on hospital costs and early outcome after major vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 1995 Dec;22(6): 649-57; discussion 657-60. Chase CR. Development of a case management plan for aortoiliac bypass graft surgery patients. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):16-21. Cohen EL, Cesta TG. Nursing case management: from concept to evaluation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. Appendix 2, Tucson Medical Center, Division of Nursing, colectomy CarePlan map; p. 200-13. Collier PE. Are one-day admissions for carotid endarterectomy feasible? Am J Surg 1995 Aug; 170(2):140-3. Collier PE, Friend SZ, Gentile C, Ruckert D, Vescio L, Collier NA. Carotid endarterectomy clinical pathway: an innovative approach. Am J Med Qual 1995 Spring;10(1):38-47. Costing a clinical map. MA hospital goes beyond the length of stay. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5): 11-3. Critical path leads to change in cardiac cath patient care. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Feb;1(2):29, 32-3. Critical paths for common DRGs. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1993. 23 p. Critical pathways. Pathways guide care at St Luke's, Houston. OR Manag 1994 Aug;10(8):18. Critical pathways... ORs streamline patient care, control resource utilization. OR Manag 1994 Jul; 10(7):1, 6-7. Dancer SE, Logsdon K. Patient trajectory: improving care for the radical retropubic patient. Urol Nurs 1994 Dec;14(4):151-4. Daughtery J. LOS reduced one hour with critical pathways. Same Day Surg 1992 Oct;16(10):150-3. De Jong RL. This path has pictures. RN 1995 Sep; 58(9):44-5. Duncan SK, Otto SE. Implementing guidelines for acute pain management. Nurs Manag 1995 May;26(5): 40, 44-7. Edel EM. Perioperative education: a center of excellence. Semin Perioper Nurs 1995 Jul;4(3): 188-91. Flow charts help hospital with perioperative paths. Hosp Case Manag 1995 May;3(5):79-82. Geeze MA. Pediatric outpatient upper endoscopy: perioperative case management. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):27-39. Gibbs BF, Guzzetta VJ, Furmanski D. Cost-effective carotid endarterectomy in community practice. Ann Vasc Surg 1995 Sep;9(5):423-7. Girard N. The case management model of patient care delivery. AORN J 1994 Sep;60(3):403-5, 408-12, 415. Grover FL, Hammermeister KE, Shroyer AL. Quality initiatives and the power of the database: what they are and how they run. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 Nov; 60(5):1514-21. Grudich G. The critical path system: the road toward an efficient OR. AORN J 1991 Mar;53(3):705-6, 708-9, 711-2 passim. Gruendemann BJ. Critical pathways [editorial]. Asepsis 1994 4th Qtr;16(4):1. Hospital laser center institutes critical paths. Hosp Case Manag 1994 May;2(5):83-5. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Kifer DJ. Case management of needle localized breast biopsy patients. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan; 3(1):46-54. Koch MO. Cost-efficient radical prostatectomy. Semin Urol Oncol 1995 Aug;13(3):197-203. Koch MO, Smith JA Jr, Hodge EM, Brandell RA. Prospective development of a cost-efficient program for radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 1994 Sep;44(3):311-8. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. The latest on critical pathways: Intra-op, post-op phases added. Same Day Surg 1994 Nov;18(11):145-7. Lauffer D. Integrated preadmission services and case management: the foundation for achievable patient outcomes in a hospital-based ambulatory surgery setting. Semin Perioper Nurs 1992 Jul;1(3):136-41. MacKenzie M, Waterman M. Utilization of a clinical pathway in the care of the ambulatory cataract surgical patient. Insight 1995 Jun;20(2):6-11. Mathias JM. Trying new tools: critical pathways, case management. OR Manag 1993 Jul;9(7):1, 10-1. Mellott SK. Commentary on: Collaborative care: pathways to quality outcomes [original article by Jones RA, et al. appears in J Healthc Qual 1994;16(4):10-3]. AONES Leadersh Prospect 1995 Mar-Apr;3(2):18. Mendenhall S, Prock S. Variance program melds hospital's, vendor's ideas. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jan;3(1):14-5, 18. Mikulaninec CE. An amputee critical path. J Vasc Nurs 1992 Jun;10(2):6-9. Miller J, Newton V, Havercroft J. Nursing patients through "pathways of care." Prof Nurse 1995 Sep;10(12):759-62. Moss MT. Nursing tools: a global perspective... three tools form a triangular analytical instrument, outcomes management, case management and critical pathways. Nurs Manag 1994 Jun;25(6): 64A-64B. Moss MT. Practical implementation of outcomes oriented case management. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1):40-5. Moss MT, O'Connor S. Outcomes management in perioperative services. Nurs Econ 1993 Nov-Dec; 11(6):364-9. Organ donor path requires more work with families. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Aug;2(8):140-2. Pais MB. An interview with Mary Beth Pais [interview by Connie R Curran]. Nurs Econ 1994 Jan-Feb; 12(1):5-9. Palmer JS, Worwag EM, Conrad WG, Blitz BF, Chodak GW. Same day surgery for radical retropubic prostatectomy: is it an attainable goal? Urology 1996 Jan;47(1):23-8. Pathways marry clinical, cost data. OR Manag 1995 Mar;11(3):9. Patterson P. Critical pathways... care paths cut length of stay, reduce charges. OR Manag 1994 Jul;10(7): 12. Patterson P. Critical pathways: hospital shortens cataract stays, boosts satisfaction. OR Manag 1994 Aug;10(8):19. Patterson P. Critical pathways... perioperative case managers redesign processes. OR Manag 1994 Jul;10(7):8-10. Patton MD, Schaerf R. Thoracotomy, critical pathway, and clinical outcomes. Cancer Pract 1995 Sep-Oct; 3(5):286-94. Perioperative paths buck the trend, produce results for hospital CMs. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Jun;2(6): 89-94. Physician-led pathways pose special challenges. Stanford grapples with authority and education issues. Issues Outcomes 1995 Sep-Oct;1(5):9-11. Robinson JA. OR time delays: a time management plan that works. AORN J 1993 Aug;58(2):329, 331-5. Rowland JO. Case management and critical paths in the PACU. Breathline 1994 Jan;14(1):14, 18. Royer K. A case management experience with cholecystectomy. Semin Periop Nurs 1994 Jan;3(1): 3-12. Schryer NM. Nursing case management for children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction. Plast Surg Nurs 1993 Spring;13(1):17-28. A sequential approach to path development. Clin Laser Mon 1994 May;12(5):72. Spath PL. Critical paths: maximizing patient care coordination. Todays OR Nurse 1995 Mar-Apr; 17(2):13-20. Spath PL. The information imperative of outcomes management. Top Health Inf Manag 1995 Feb; 15(3):17-28. Spath PL. 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A collaborative approach to home OKT3 infusion therapy. J Nurs Adm 1993 Nov;23(11):63-6. Chemo pathway helps pediatric hospital prepare for capitation. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Jul;1(7):125-6. Chemotherapy pathway tracks variance from goals, not tasks. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Apr;1(4):69-70. Clare M, Sargent D, Moxley R, Forthman T. Reducing health care delivery costs using clinical paths: a case study on improving hospital profitability. J Health Care Finance 1995 Spring;21(3):48-58. Coen SD, Silverman E. Peripheral intra arterial thrombolytic therapy for acute arterial occlusion. Crit Care Nurse 1994 Oct;14(5):23-9. Critical pathways primer. Drug resource action manual. Houston: Owen Healthcare, Inc.; 1994. Includes computer disk. Czaplijski TJ. Critical pathways: broad implementation in an ambulatory service division. Outreach 1994 Mar-Apr;15(2):4-5. Gousse GC, Rousseau MR. Critical pathways at Hartford Hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995 May 15;52(10):1060-3. Gouveia WA, Massaro FJ. 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Bultema JK, Mailliard L, Getzfrid MK, Lerner RD, Colone M. Geriatric patients with depression. Improving outcomes using a multidisciplinary clinical path model. J Nurs Adm 1996 Jan;26(1): 31-8. Carroll JG. Monitoring with indicators: evaluating the quality of patient care. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publications; 1991- . Section 12, Psychiatry; p. 12:1-12:17. Case management system helps hospital cut psych LOS in half... length of stay. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Mar;2(3):51-2. Chowanec GD. The fall and rise of TQM at a public mental health hospital. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1996 Feb;22(1):19-26. Cline K. The new wave of hospital case management: mapping out psychiatric diagnoses on paths. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Oct;1(10):168-9. Cyr JJ, Peppler C. A comprehensive community-based model of psychogeriatric care. Perspectives 1995 Spring;19(1):14-9. Dunn J, Rodriguez D, Novak JJ. Promoting quality mental health care delivery with critical path care plans. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 1994 Jul;32(7):25-9. Eckhouse-Ekeberg DR. Promoting a positive attitude in pediatric patients undergoing limb lengthening. Orthop Nurs 1994 Jan-Feb;13(1):41-9. Falcon SP. Treating personality disorders: critical pathways [abstract]. Paper presented at: 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1994 May 21-26; Philadelphia, PA. Paper No. 77E. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Gunn SR, Hanisch P, Wood D. CQI action team: responding to the detoxification patient. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1995 Oct;21(10):531-40. Holmes D, Splaine M, Teresi J, Ory M, Barrett V, Monaco C, Ramirez M. What makes special care special: concept mapping as a definitional tool. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994;8 Suppl 1: S41-53. Homan C. Five hospitals succeed with critical paths for psychiatric inpatients. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Aug;2(8):135-8. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Lockhart C, Mandel J, Grossett D, Green D. The paradigm shift: behavioral home care. Caring 1994 Sep;13(9):10-1, 74-6. Physician-driven depression path standardizes care. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Aug;3(8):123, 126. Pigott HE. Linking outcomes analysis to critical clinical pathways. Behav Healthc Tomorrow 1995 Jan-Feb; 4(1):59-61. Spath PL, ed. Clinical paths: tools for outcomes management. Chicago: American Hospital Publishing; 1994. 265 p. Radiological Diagnosis and Care Bird RE. Critical pathways in analyzing breast calcifications. Radiographics 1995 Jul;15(4):928-34. Howard P, Johanns D. Forging new partnerships: case management in radiology. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1995 Feb;10(5):1-3. Mendelson EB. 1994 plenary session: imaging symposium. Critical pathways in the management of breast disease: introduction. Radiographics 1995 Jul;15(4):923-4. Mendelson EB, Tobin CE. 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Rhode Island hospital prepared for managed care. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1):6-7. Booth RE Jr. Critical care pathways in thromboembolic disease. Orthopedics 1995 Jul;18 Suppl:6-9. Bunch D. Prescription for success: EHS Bethany Hospital's clinical pathway for asthma nets great results. AARC Times 1995 Apr;19(4):72-4. Clare M, Sargent D, Moxley R, Forthman T. Reducing health care delivery costs using clinical paths: a case study on improving hospital profitability. J Health Care Finance 1995 Spring;21(3):48-58. Claussen DW, Pickering P. A clinical pathway for endoscopy. Gastroenterol Nurs 1995 Sep-Oct; 18(5):182-5. Cohen EL, Cesta TG. Nursing case management: from concept to evaluation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. Appendix 1, Beth Israel Medical Center multi-disciplinary action plan; p. 187-99. Example action plan on pediatric asthma. Cramer D, Tucker SM. The consumer's role in quality: partnering for quality outcomes... Patient Standards of Care (SOCs) were created that are written from the patients' viewpoint. J Nurs Care Qual 1995 Jan; 9(2):54-66. Critical path helps pediatric asthma team cut length-of-stay. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Dec;1(12):211-4. Critical paths for common DRGs. Atlanta (GA): American Health Consultants; 1993. 23 p. Czaplijski TJ. Critical pathways: broad implementation in an ambulatory service division. Outreach 1994 Mar-Apr;15(2):4-5. Daus C. A framework for team treatment: case management at Baptist Memorial Hospital. RT J Respir Care Pract 1994 Dec-Jan;7(1):115-6, 118, 120. Ecklund MM. Optimizing the flow of care for prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. AACN Clin Issues 1995 Nov;6(4):588-601; quiz 680-2. Engleman SG. From myths to a critical path: what happens when someone asks why? J Pediatr Nurs 1995 Feb;10(1):69-71. Esler R, Bentz P, Sorensen M, Van Orsow T. Patient centered pneumonia care: a case management success story. 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Issues in evaluating a clinical pathway program. A biostatistician and project leader share their experiences. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jan-Feb;1(1): 9-11. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. A lesson learned: pathway users must be present at the creation. Asthma pathway survives a slow start-up. Issues Outcomes 1995 Jul-Aug;1(4):3-5. McGarvey RN, Harper JJ. Pneumonia mortality reduction and quality improvement in a community hospital. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1993 Apr;19(4): 124-30. Morgan JW, Hofmann P, Butler R. Simple pneumonia: a critical path approach to care. Inside Case Manag 1995 Nov;2(8):1-3. Mount Clemens General Hospital (Clinton Township, MI). Critical pathway: pneumonia. Inside Case Manag 1995 Nov;2(8):[1 p. insert]. Mylott Fasano MB. Critical pathway: newly diagnosed asthma in pediatric population. Inside Case Manag 1994 Sep;1(6):[3 p. insert]. Pathway helps ICU staff better manage ventilator patients. Hosp Case Manag 1993 Nov;1(11):195-8. Patton MD, Schaerf R. Thoracotomy, critical pathway, and clinical outcomes. Cancer Pract 1995 Sep-Oct; 3(5):286-94. Pneumonia pathway gets OK for further LOS reduction. Hosp Case Manag 1995 Jul;3(7):107, 110. Ramirez JA. Switch therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995 May-Jun;22(1-2):219-23. Ramos T. Elevating your net worth. RT J Respir Care Pract 1994 Dec-Jan;7(1):9. Rohl BJ, Meyer LC, Lung CL. Asthma care map for decision making. Med Interface 1994 Feb;7(2): 107-10. Rozell BR, Newman KL. Extending a critical path for patients who are ventilator dependent: nursing case management in the home setting. Home Healthc Nurse 1994 Jul-Aug;12(4):21-5. Spath PL, ed. Clinical paths: tools for outcomes management. Chicago: American Hospital Publishing; 1994. 265 p. Spath PL. How to manage your outcomes more effectively. Hosp Peer Rev 1995 Aug;20(8):120-4. 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Subacute Care Clinical pathways checklist for subacute care facilities. Physician Manag 1995 Apr 21;6(8):7. Graham MJ, Pettus T, Klava S. Subacute care. Critical pathways link services to outcomes. Provider 1995 Sep;21(9):31-2. Kane RL, Kane RA. Long-term care. JAMA 1995 Jun 7;273(21):1690-1. Knapp MT. Subacute care: the definitive guide to hospital-based nursing facilities. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995. Sample critical pathway: fractured hip repair; p. 171-3. Phillips-Harris C, Fanale JE. The acute and long-term care interface. Integrating the continuum. Clin Geriatr Med 1995 Aug;11(3):481-501. Stahl DA. Critical pathways in subacute care. Nurs Manag 1995 Sep;26(9):16-8. Subacute geriatric path increases discharges home from hip patients. Hosp Case Manag 1994 Dec;2(12): 207-8, 211. Urological and Renal Care Bodin S. Collaboration on critical pathway development with an ESRD focus. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1995 Jan;2(1):80-1. Campbell PA, Runner-Heidt CM. A collaborative approach to home OKT3 infusion therapy. J Nurs Adm 1993 Nov;23(11):63-6. Connolly ML, Russell M, Reyna C. Home care of the prostate cryosurgery patient. Todays OR Nurse 1995 May-Jun;17(3):25-36. Dancer SE, Logsdon K. Patient trajectory: improving care for the radical retropubic patient. Urol Nurs 1994 Dec;14(4):151-4. Gingerich BS, Ondeck DA, eds. Clinical pathways for the multidisciplinary home care team. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1995- . Hauser SP. Case management of the kidney transplant recipient. ANNA J 1995 Aug;22(4):369-74. Ignatavicius DD, Hausman KA. Clinical pathways for collaborative practice. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. 362 p. Koch MO. Cost-efficient radical prostatectomy. Semin Urol Oncol 1995 Aug;13(3):197-203. Koch MO, Smith JA Jr, Hodge EM, Brandell RA. Prospective development of a cost-efficient program for radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 1994 Sep;44(3):311-8. Lang M, ed. National directory of healthcare critical pathways. Santa Barbara (CA): COR Healthcare Resources; 1995. 136 p. Palmer JS, Worwag EM, Conrad WG, Blitz BF, Chodak GW. Same day surgery for radical retropubic prostatectomy: is it an attainable goal? Urology 1996 Jan;47(1):23-8. Pathways marry clinical, cost data. OR Manag 1995 Mar;11(3):9. Robinson JA, Robinson KJ, Lewis DJ. Balancing quality of care and cost effectiveness through case management. ANNA J 1992 Apr;19(2):182-8. St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center (Little Rock, AR). Clinical pathway for radical prostatectomy. Inside Case Manag 1994 May;1(2):[2 p. insert]. St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center (Little Rock, AR). Patient pathway for radical prostatectomy. Inside Case Manag 1994 May;1(2):[2 p. insert]. Women's Health Care Better critical pathway compliance leads to fewer C sections. Hosp Case Manag 1994 May;2(5):79-82. Bird RE. Critical pathways in analyzing breast calcifications. Radiographics 1995 Jul;15(4):928-34. Blegen MA, Reiter RC, Goode CJ, Murphy RR. 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Last updated: 31 December 1996